SPICEographyIndependent spice data
Menu

Data

Potency Index

Measured compound levels and quality limits for 201 ingredients: 1248 figures, each quoted as its source states it, with the samples, method or standard it applies to. Where two sources differ, both are listed. Nothing is averaged, and figures from different scopes are not compared.

Built from the reviewed profiles · literature and standards only, no lab testing

Achiote Powder

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pigment content2–5 % of seed dry masscommonly reported values (Katzer)Different measurement from the PROSEA bixin figure; not comparablegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Bixin1.6–5.3 % of seed, oven-dry basisseed from Papua New Guinea (PROSEA)Different measurement from the Katzer pigment figure; not comparableuses.plantnet-project.org

Adobo Seasoning

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient520 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (1.5 g) servingGoya Adobo All-Purpose Seasoning with Pepper, manufacturer labeltrade.goya.com

Ají Amarillo Powder

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Total capsaicinoids13–352 mg/kgají (C. baccatum) and rocoto accessions pooled, fresh accessions, lab analysis (Kollmannsberger et al., 2011)Pools ají and rocoto; fresh fruit, not dried powder; mg/kg, not SHUportal.fis.tum.de
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range30,000–50,000 SHUProderna's own ají amarillo (whole and powder), merchant pageMerchant figure for its own product; no method statedproderna.de
Pungency (Scoville), minimum Limit900 SHU or moreany dried product sold as chilli pepper, Codex CXS 353-2022fao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu

Alaea Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % (most sea salts)most sea salts generally (American Heart Association); not a measurement of alaea saltheart.org

All-Purpose Seasoning

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient0 mg per 1/4 tspDash Salt Free Original Seasoning Blend, retailer-listed labelgiantfoodstores.com
Sodium Nutrient520 mg per 1/4 tspGoya Adobo All-Purpose Seasoning with Pepper, manufacturer labeltrade.goya.com
Sodium Nutrient380 mg per 1/4 tspLawry's Seasoned Salt (not labeled all-purpose), retailer-listed labelgiantfoodstores.com

Allspice

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil3.3–4.5 % of berryberries generally (PROSEA)Sources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilabout 4.5 % of berryJamaican allspice (Britannica)Sources differbritannica.com
Essential oil1.5–4.5 %leaves and berries (2022 review)intechopen.com
Eugenol50–80 % of berry oilberry oil generally (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Eugenolabout 8 to about 86 % of berry oilberry oils in individual studies, from some Mexican samples (about 8%) to a commercial Jamaican oil (about 86%); 2022 review, compiled tableintechopen.com
Methyl eugenolabout 65 % of berry oilone Mexican berry oil; 2022 review, compiled tableintechopen.com
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit15 µg/kgEU general limit for dried spiceseur-lex.europa.eu

Anardana

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Titratable acidity5.26–6.80 %daru (wild pomegranate) collections from Doda district, Jammu (Bakshi et al., 2014); fruitSources differ; different samples and years, not mergedjournal.iahs.org.in
Titratable acidity5.53 %wild pomegranate fruit (Parmar and Kaushal, 1982, as tabulated in a 2018 review)Sources differphytojournal.com
Titratable acidity6.68 %wild pomegranate fruit (Singh and Kingsley, 2008, as tabulated in a 2018 review)Sources differphytojournal.com
Titratable acidity3.20–3.65 %wild pomegranate fruit (Thakur et al., 2011, as tabulated in a 2018 review)Sources differphytojournal.com
Titratable acidity1.59 %anardana at the start of storage in aluminum laminated pouches (Dak et al., 2014, as cited by Kaute et al.)phytojournal.com

Ancho Powder

11 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range1,000–2,000 SHUancho as a pepper type, NMSU Chile Pepper Institute general figure; no lot or method statedGeneral figure for the pepper type, not a measurement of any lot or powdercpi.nmsu.edu
Pungency (Scoville)3,524–4,870 SHUfresh poblano cultivars grown at Waseca, Minnesota, 2021, electrochemical device (not HPLC); 'Ancho Poblano' 3,524 to 'Bastan' 4,870Fresh cultivars, not dried ancho powderdocs.lib.purdue.edu
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range1,000–1,500 SHUDave DeWitt's 2008 heat scale, which he calls necessarily approximateAttributed, cites no measurementfieryfoodscentral.com
Pungency (Scoville), minimum Limit900 SHU or moreanything sold as dried chilli pepper under Codex CXS 353-2022 (ancho is a listed variety)fao.org
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient1,020 µg per 100 gwhole dried ancho peppers, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169396fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient10.9 mg per 100 gwhole dried ancho peppers, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169396fdc.nal.usda.gov
Dietary fiber Nutrient21.6 g per 100 gwhole dried ancho peppers, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169396fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient2.0 mg per 100 gwhole dried ancho peppers, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169396fdc.nal.usda.gov
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruitseur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruitseur-lex.europa.eu

Angelica

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Root oil main compoundsα-pinene 21.3, δ-3-carene 16.5, limonene 16.4, α-phellandrene 8.7 % of oilroot oil, Italy (Fraternale et al.), as tabulated in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
α-Pinene (major component)15.7–20.8 % of oilroot oil, Lithuania, two localities (Nivinskiene et al.), as tabulated in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
Monoterpenes / sesquiterpenes / macrocyclic lactones67.3–79.9 / 9.6–19.4 / 3.9–6.3 % of oilroot oil, Lithuania (Nivinskiene et al.), as tabulated in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
β-Phellandrene33.6–63.4 % of oilfruit (seed) oil (Nivinskiene et al.), as tabulated in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
α-Pinene4.2–12.8 % of oilfruit (seed) oil (Nivinskiene et al.), as tabulated in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
Coumarin increase from fungal infection20- to 200-fold fold increase in root coumarinangelica roots, EMA reflection paper (2007)Concerns medicinal preparationse-lactancia.org

Anglesey Sea Salt (Halen Môn)

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium chloride Limitover 90 %PDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Water (moisture) Limitunder 4 %PDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Calcium Limit0.08 to 0.15 %PDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Magnesium Limitat least 0.2 %PDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Lead, maximum Limitless than 2 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Arsenic, maximum Limitless than 0.5 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Cadmium, maximum Limitless than 0.5 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Mercury, maximum Limitless than 0.1 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Copper, maximum Limitless than 2 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Tin, maximum Limitless than 200 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Iodine, maximum Limitup to 1 mg/kgPDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weight (most sea salts)most sea salts generally (American Heart Association); not a measurement of Anglesey saltheart.org

Anise Seed

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
trans-Anethole80–95 % of essential oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Methyl chavicol (estragole)up to 5 % of essential oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilabout 2.5 % of seedBritannicaSources differbritannica.com
Essential oil1.9–3.1 % of seed, by hydrodistillationPROSEA; yield depends on methodSources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil2.3 % of seed, by hydrodiffusionPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Calcium Nutrient646 mg per 100 gwhole anise seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171316fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient37.0 mg per 100 gwhole anise seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171316fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient21.0 mg per 100 gwhole anise seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171316fdc.nal.usda.gov

Annatto Seeds (Achiote)

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pigment content2–5 % of seed dry masscommonly reported values (Katzer)Different measurement from the PROSEA bixin figure; not comparablegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Bixin1.6–5.3 % of seed, oven-dry basisseed from Papua New Guinea (PROSEA); figures up to 12% reported elsewhereuses.plantnet-project.org
Bixin share of total pigmentas much as 80 % of total pigmentsome seeds (2016 review)frontiersin.org
Bixin or norbixin in commercial extractsunder 1 to over 85 %commercial extracts, depending on type of extract (2016 review)Extracts, not seedfrontiersin.org

Apple Mint

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Piperitenone oxide74.69 and 81.67 % of oilMorocco, two samples, as tabulated in Božović et al. 2015 reviewIndividual samples; not mergedmdpi.com
Piperitenone oxideabove 90 % of oilItaly (Tarquinia), as tabulated in Božović et al. 2015 reviewmdpi.com
Piperitenone or piperitenone oxide73.5 (piperitenone) or 72 (piperitenone oxide) % of oilCorsica (subsp. suaveolens), as tabulated in Božović et al. 2015 reviewmdpi.com
Pulegone and menthol85.5 (pulegone); 40.50 (menthol) % of oilMorocco (Béni-Mellal and Boulmane), major compounds, as tabulated in Božović et al. 2015 reviewmdpi.com

Asafoetida (Hing)

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Resin25 to 60 % of dried asafoetidasingle reference work (Katzer); composition varies with species and sourcegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Gum25 to 30 % of dried asafoetidasingle reference work (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oilabout 10 % of dried asafoetidasingle reference work (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
(R)-2-butyl-1-propenyl disulfideabout 50 % of oilsingle reference work (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Rice flour and gum arabicmore than 50 % of compounded powdercommon compounded powder (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Starch in hing, maximum Limitnot more than 1 % by weightIndian standard as reported by The Week (2026); FSSAI order not openedtheweek.in
Alcohol-soluble extract, minimum Limit5 %compounded asafoetida, required minimum as reported by The Week (2026)theweek.in
Alcohol-soluble extract0.00 %one Everest compounded asafoetida sample, as reported by The Week (2026)Specific sample found sub-standardtheweek.in
Alcohol-soluble extract3.29 and 4.4 %Everest yellow and black hing powders, as reported by The Week (2026)Specific samples found sub-standard; the report gives no measure name beyond the test contexttheweek.in

Australian Native Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Lemon myrtle leaf essential oil4 to 5 % of leaf (typically)lemon myrtle leaves (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Citral (neral and geranial), lemon myrtle90 to 95 % of oillemon myrtle leaf oil (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Basil

14 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 1.5 % of leavesPROSEA; sample and basis (fresh or dry) not statedSources differ sharply; not reconcileduses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil0.1 %Britannica; sample and basis not statedSources differ sharply; not reconciledbritannica.com
Methyl chavicol (estragole) / linalool / eugenol53.3 / 22.0 / 1.4 % of oil"French basil" oil distilled in the Philippines (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Methyl chavicol (estragole)84.7 % of oil"Réunion basil" oil from Taiwan (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Methyl chavicol (estragole)20–43 % of oilsweet basil oil, range in the EU Scientific Committee on Food assessment (2001)food.ec.europa.eu
Vitamin K Nutrient1,710 µg per 100 gdried basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171317fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient89.8 mg per 100 gdried basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171317fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient2,240 mg per 100 gdried basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171317fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient0.8 mg per 100 gdried basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 171317fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin K Nutrient415 µg per 100 gfresh basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 172232USDA notes several fresh-basil values have no analytical data pointsfdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient3.17 mg per 100 gfresh basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 172232USDA notes several fresh-basil values have no analytical data pointsfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient177 mg per 100 gfresh basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 172232USDA notes several fresh-basil values have no analytical data pointsfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient18.0 mg per 100 gfresh basil, USDA FoodData Central FDC 172232USDA notes several fresh-basil values have no analytical data pointsfdc.nal.usda.gov
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit400 µg/kgEU, dried herbs (category does not name basil individually)eur-lex.europa.eu

Bay Leaves

18 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil yield0.57 %leaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
1,8-Cineole31.9 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
Sabinene12.2 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
Linalool10.2 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)The paper's table and text give different linalool figures; treat with cautionmdpi.com
α-Terpinyl acetate5.9 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
α-Pinene5.8 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
α-Terpineol3.3 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
Methyl eugenol3.3 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
Eugenol1.6 % of oilleaves gathered February 2016 at Montecorice, southern Italy, one sample (Caputo et al., 2017)mdpi.com
1,8-Cineole44.97 % of oilTurkish sample, separate study compared in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
1,8-Cineole56.0 % of oilTunisia, separate study compared in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
1,8-Cineole58.59 % of oilCyprus, separate study compared in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
1,8-Cineole52.43 % of oilMorocco, separate study compared in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
1,8-Cineole34.62 % of oilAlgeria, separate study compared in the 2017 reviewmdpi.com
Moisture, maximum Limit10 %Kenya standard KS 2263:2016kebs.org
Total ash, maximum Limit5 %Kenya standard KS 2263:2016kebs.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit0.5 unit not given in the standard's tableKenya standard KS 2263:2016kebs.org
Extraneous matter, maximum Limitunder 2 %Kenya standard KS 2263:2016kebs.org

Bell Pepper Powder

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville)0 SHUsweet bell pepper (C. annuum) in one university trial (The Ohio State University)plant-breeding-genomics.extension.org
Water Nutrient2 %freeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient1,900 mg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient3,860 µg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin B6 Nutrient2.22 mg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient3,170 mg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient10.4 mg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient134 mg per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov
Dietary fiber Nutrient21.3 g per 100 gfreeze-dried red sweet pepper (closest USDA entry; not the same product as air-dried powder), USDA FoodData Central FDC 169373fdc.nal.usda.gov

Bergamot Herb (Bee Balm)

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Carvacrol / p-cymene / thymol16.74 / 16.00 / 10.51 % of oilflowering Monarda didyma grown at Urbino, Italy (carvacrol chemotype), 2022 studypeerj.com
Essential oil yield2.55 mL per kg of dry plantflowering Monarda didyma grown at Urbino, Italy, 2022 studypeerj.com
Thymol51.7–59.3 % of oilearlier Italian (Imola) chemotype, as reported in the 2022 paperpeerj.com
p-Cymene10.5–9.7 % of oilearlier Italian (Imola) chemotype, as reported in the 2022 paperRange given in this order on the source pagepeerj.com

Black Garlic

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
S-allyl cysteine (SAC)about 9.8-11.4 mg per 100 gblack garlic, measurements cited in the 2017 Molecules review, depending on analytical methodSame measurements give fresh garlic about 2.2-2.3 mg per 100 g; review reports SAC four to eight times higher after agingmdpi.com

Black Lava Salt

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium36.7 % by weightone black Hawaiian-style salt (salt, active coal, taro), Swiss FSVO 2016, one samplewarwick.ac.uk
Iodine34 µg per kgsame black Hawaiian-style salt sample, Swiss FSVO 2016warwick.ac.uk
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 %most sea salts generally (American Heart Association)heart.org

Black Mustard Seeds

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sinigrin110–140 µmol/g of seedPROSEASources differ in unit and figure; not converteduses.plantnet-project.org
Sinigrinabout 1 % of seedKatzerSources differ in unit and figure; not convertedgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Water Nutrient8 g per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient29 g per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fat Nutrient28 g per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carbohydrates Nutrient19 g per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient11 g per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Iron Nutrient21 mg per 100 g edible portionblack mustard seed (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org

Black Pepper

13 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Piperine4.9–7.7 % of black pepperPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil1.0–1.8 % of black peppercommercial cultivars (PROSEA)Sources differ; different references and likely different samplesuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilup to 3 % of ground black pepperBritannicaSources differbritannica.com
Monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbonsabout 90 % of oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Limonene / sabinene / β-pinene / β-caryophyllene24.0 / 17.9 / 15.7 / 5.3 % of oilone Indian oil sample reported by PROSEAOne sample, not a typical profileuses.plantnet-project.org
Piperine loss in cooking50–60 % lostspices boiled in curry powder for 15 to 30 minutes (1992 study, abstract)Losses smaller when pepper cooked alone; no figure givenagris.fao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit550 / 500 / 400 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit2.0 / 5.0 / 10.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Pinheads, maximum Limit1.0 / 2.0 / 4.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 / 12.0 / 13.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit6.0 / 7.0 / 7.0 % dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.0 / 1.5 / 1.0 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.5 / 3.0 / 2.0 % dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org

Black Salt (Kala Namak)

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Hydrogen sulfideabout 200 mg/kgone sample, German BfR opinion, 2003Same figure as the Swiss sample; separate samples, not mergedbfr.bund.de
Hydrogen sulfideabout 200 mg/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016Same figure as the BfR sample; separate samples, not mergedwarwick.ac.uk
Sodium38.7 % by weightone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Chloride57.9 % by weightone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Iron0.36 g/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Potassium1.3 g/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Calcium0.3 g/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Arsenic106 µg/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016 (second-highest of the 25)Report attributes to likely natural contamination; no sample exceeded health-based benchmarkswarwick.ac.uk
Iodine22 µg/kgone kala namak sample, Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk

Black Sesame Seeds

13 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sesamin0.1–0.6 % of oilsesame oil (PROSEA); seed color not specifieduses.plantnet-project.org
Sesamolin0.25–0.3 % of oilsesame oil (PROSEA); seed color not specifieduses.plantnet-project.org
Energy Nutrient573 kcal per 100 gwhole dried sesame seed, color not stated, USDA FoodData Central FDC 170150fdc.nal.usda.gov
Protein Nutrient17.7 g per 100 gwhole dried sesame seed, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fat Nutrient49.7 g per 100 gwhole dried sesame seed, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient989 mg per 100 gwhole roasted and toasted sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170151fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient131 mg per 100 ghulled toasted sesame kernels, color not stated, USDA FDC 170152fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrientabout 1.1 g per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrientabout 88 mg per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrientabout 1.3 mg per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrientabout 32 mg per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Zinc Nutrientabout 0.7 mg per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Copper Nutrientabout 0.37 mg per 1 tbsp (9 g)whole dried sesame, color not stated, USDA FDC 170150Per-tablespoon figure computed on the page from USDA valuesfdc.nal.usda.gov

Borage

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilbelow 0.1 % of leafKatzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
γ-Linolenic acid (GLA)around 20 % of seed oilborage seed oil (Katzer)Seed oil, not the leaves used in cookinggernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit750 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, borage leaves, fresh or frozen, sold to the final consumereur-lex.europa.eu
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit1,000 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, borage, lovage, marjoram and oregano, dried, and mixtures of only theseeur-lex.europa.eu

Brazilian Spices and Seasonings

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cilantro leaf oil: aldehydesmore than 80 % of volatile compoundscilantro (coriander) leaf oil, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Bronze Fennel

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Share of plant oil in the fruitabout 95 % of the oilmature fennel generally (PROSEA); no analysis specific to the bronze cultivaruses.plantnet-project.org

Cajun Seasoning

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient310 mg per 1/4 tspSlap Ya Mama Original Blend, retailer-listed labelgiantfoodstores.com
Sodium Nutrient160 mg per 1/4 tspMcCormick Signature Seasonings Cajun, retailer-listed labelgiantfoodstores.com

Caraway Seeds

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 5 % of fruitBritannicaSources differbritannica.com
Essential oil1.5–5.0 % of fruitspring-type fruit (PROSEA)Sources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil3.0–7.0 % of fruitwinter-type fruit (PROSEA)Sources differuses.plantnet-project.org
d-Carvone (S-(+)-carvone)45–60 % of oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
d-Limonene35–55 % of oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Cardamom

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil3.5–7 % of whole fruitsPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilup to 11 % of seedsfreshly harvested seeds (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilrarely over 1 % of huskPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
1,8-Cineole20–60 % of oilrange summarized by PROSEA (reference work, samples not specified)Sources differ; not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
α-Terpinyl acetate20–53 % of oilrange summarized by PROSEA (reference work, samples not specified)Sources differ; not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
1,8-Cineole0.24–30.62 % of oileight commercial cardamom samples analyzed in Croatia (2025)Sources differ; close to absent in some sampleshrcak.srce.hr
α-Terpinyl acetate35.99–62.28 % of oileight commercial cardamom samples analyzed in Croatia (2025); largest component in every sampleSources differhrcak.srce.hr
Moistureabout 75 %fruit at harvest (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Moistureabout 13 %dried fruit for safe storage (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org

Caribbean Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Allspice: eugenol50 to 80 % of berry oilallspice berry oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Hottest C. chinense cultivars: pungency Conventional rangearound 200,000 to 300,000 SHUhottest Capsicum chinense cultivars (Katzer); no measurement citedReference-work figure, no sample or method statedgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Carom Seeds (Ajwain)

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil2.5–5 % of dried fruitKatzerSources differgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil2–5 % of seedChahal et al. review abstract (2017)Sources differphytojournal.com
Thymol35–60 % of oilKatzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Thymol isolated98 % (almost pure thymol)South Indian fruit, one report (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Cassia Buds

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1.9 % of budsPROSEAprosea.prota4u.org
Aldehydesabout 80 % of essential oilPROSEAprosea.prota4u.org
Cinnamaldehydeup to 40 mg per g of samplecommercial cassia buds bought on the German market, 2018 analysisdegruyterbrill.com
Coumarinbelow 0.48 (480 mg/kg) mg/gcommercial samples on the German market, one 2018 studydegruyterbrill.com

Cassia Cinnamon

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1–4 % of barkChinese cassia (PROSEA)prosea.prota4u.org
Cinnamaldehyde70–95 % of bark oilChinese cassia bark oil (PROSEA)prosea.prota4u.org
Coumarinabout 3,000 on average; highest up to 10,000 mg/kgcassia, German food monitoring data, as summarized by BfRSources differ; different sampling programsbfr.bund.de
Coumarinbrand means 2,650 to 7,017 mg/kgground cinnamon, Czech retail, 60 samples from 12 brands (Blahová & Svobodová 2012)Sources differ; different sampling programsdoaj.org

Cayenne Pepper

15 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional rangeabout 8,000 SHU"cayenne peppers", McCormick Science Institute; no sample, method or date statedSources differ; not comparable with cultivar measurements or the conventional rangemccormickscienceinstitute.com
Pungency (Scoville)12,900 SHUcultivar 'Large Red Thick', replicated trials near Las Cruces, New Mexico, HPLC (HortScience, 2010)Cultivar figure; says nothing about cayenne as a wholejournals.ashs.org
Pungency (Scoville)13,200 SHUcultivar 'Mesilla', same trials, HPLC (HortScience, 2010)Cultivar figurejournals.ashs.org
Pungency (Scoville)17,400 SHUcultivar 'NuMex Las Cruces', same trials, HPLC (HortScience, 2010)Cultivar figurejournals.ashs.org
Pungency (Scoville)15,000 SHU (rated)cultivar 'NuMex Nematador' (NMSU, 2018)Rated figure; cultivar onlypubs.nmsu.edu
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range30,000–50,000 SHUcayenne as a category, Dave DeWitt's heat scale ("Cayenne Long"), which he calls necessarily approximateAttributed, not measured; untraceable is not wrongfieryfoodscentral.com
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range30,000–50,000 SHUcayenne as a category, Chili Pepper Madness (Hultquist, 2020)Attributed, not measuredchilipeppermadness.com
Energy Nutrient318 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 170932, "Spices, pepper, red or cayenne"fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient2,080 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 170932fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient76.4 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 170932fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin E Nutrient29.8 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 170932fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin B6 Nutrient2.45 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 170932fdc.nal.usda.gov
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or ground (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne, paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicumeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicumeur-lex.europa.eu

Celery Leaves

11 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Water Nutrient90 g per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient2.2 g per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient1.4 g per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Vitamin A Nutrient2,685 IU per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Vitamin C Nutrient49 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Thiamin (B1) Nutrient0.08 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Riboflavin (B2) Nutrient0.12 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Calcium Nutrient326 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Iron Nutrient15.3 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Potassium Nutrient318 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Sodium Nutrient151 mg per 100 gleaf celery (leaf cultivar group), per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org

Celery Powder

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Nitrate3,151 ppmcelery (the vegetable, not the powder), one 2021 paper's table of nitrate-rich vegetablesCelery itself, not celery powder; the widely repeated 2.75% powder figure could not be checkedmdpi.com

Celery Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient270 mg per 1/4 teaspoonMcCormick Celery Salt, retailer-listed labelstopandshop.com

Celery Seeds

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 3 % of seed dry weight2019 review (Salehi et al.)mdpi.com
Limoneneabout 60 % of oilcelery oil in general, not seed oil alone (Salehi et al. review, 2019)Sources differmdpi.com
Limonene70–80 % of oilcelery oil in general (Katzer)Sources differgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Phthalides20–30 % of oilcelery oil in general (Salehi et al. review, 2019)mdpi.com
β-Selineneup to 13 % of oilcelery oil in general (Salehi et al. review, 2019)mdpi.com
Calcium Nutrient1,770 mg per 100 gcelery seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 170920fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient44.9 mg per 100 gcelery seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 170920fdc.nal.usda.gov
Manganese Nutrient7.57 mg per 100 gcelery seed, USDA FoodData Central FDC 170920fdc.nal.usda.gov
Lead, maximum Limit1.5 mg/kgCodex 2024, dried celery seed, as reported in a law-firm summary (not the Codex text)natlawreview.com

Celtic Sea Salt

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limitup to 12 %Guérande gray salt, PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Insoluble matter, maximum Limitup to 1 %Guérande gray salt, PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 %most sea salts generally (American Heart Association)heart.org
Iodineabout 0.2 ppmCeltic Sea Salt, brand-reported natural traceCompany's own figurecelticseasalt.com
Leadabout 0.68 µg per servingCeltic Sea Salt, brand-reported typical contentCompany's own figure; no independent test foundcelticseasalt.com

Ceylon Cinnamon

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cinnamaldehyde50–75 % of bark oilPROSEAprosea.prota4u.org
Eugenol5–18 % of bark oilPROSEAprosea.prota4u.org
Coumarin0.017 g/kgC. verum, authenticated sample, US study (Wang et al. 2013), as tabulated by Lončar et al. 2020mdpi.com
Coumarin0.007 to 0.9 g/kgC. verum bark, commercial, Sri Lanka, as tabulated by Lončar et al. 2020mdpi.com
Coumarin0.013 g/kgC. verum bark, commercial, US, as tabulated by Lončar et al. 2020mdpi.com
Coumarin, cassia powder relative to Ceylon powderup to 63 times more2010 German study of 91 retail samples (news release on Woehrlin et al.)sciencedaily.com

Chervil

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Methyl chavicol (estragole)83.10 % of oilwater-distilled oil from chervil growing wild in Turkey, single populationavesis.anadolu.edu.tr
1-Allyl-2,4-dimethoxybenzene15.15 % of oilwater-distilled oil from chervil growing wild in Turkey, single populationavesis.anadolu.edu.tr
Undecane1.75 % of oilwater-distilled oil from chervil growing wild in Turkey, single populationavesis.anadolu.edu.tr

Chile de Árbol Powder

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range15,000–30,000 SHUpod type, general rating, Dave DeWitt's heat scale (2008 update), which he calls necessarily approximateNo laboratory measurement foundfieryfoodscentral.com
Pungency (Scoville), minimum for "chilli" Limit900 SHU or moreCodex CXS 353-2022 category threshold, not a rating of this chilefao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or ground (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne, paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum productseur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum productseur-lex.europa.eu

Chilean Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Boldo leaf essential oilabout 2 % of leafboldo (Peumus boldus) leaves (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Boldo oil: ascaridoleabout 40 % of oilboldo leaf oil (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Chili Powder

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville) Limit900–2,000 SHUchili powder bought under USDA purchasing specification A-A-20001C (2023), federal purchases onlyA purchasing specification, not a survey of store shelvesams.usda.gov
Sodium Nutrient2,870 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319, "Spices, chili powder"fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient1,480 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) Nutrient38.1 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient17.3 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319fdc.nal.usda.gov
Dietary fiber Nutrient34.8 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient0.7 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central FDC 171319fdc.nal.usda.gov

Chipotle Powder

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency (Scoville) Conventional range5,000–10,000 SHUchipotle in general, Mick Vann, The Austin Chronicle, 2012; no samples or method statedA journalist's general figure, not a measurement of a stated lotaustinchronicle.com
Pungency (Scoville), minimum Limit900 SHU or moreanything sold as dried chilli pepper under Codex CXS 353-2022fao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruitseur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU, dried Capsicum fruitseur-lex.europa.eu

Chives

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Vitamin K Nutrient213 µg per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient218 µg per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient58.1 mg per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov
Folate Nutrient105 µg per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient2.5 g per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov
Choline Nutrient5.2 mg per 100 graw chives, USDA FoodData Central FDC 169994fdc.nal.usda.gov

Cilantro

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Volatile oilabout 4 mg per g of fresh leavesfresh cilantro leaves (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Aldehydesmore than 80 % of leaf volatile oilfresh cilantro leaves (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
(E)-2-Dodecenal15.6 % of leaf volatile oilPROSEA composition tableuses.plantnet-project.org
(E)-2-Tetradecenal12.7 % of leaf volatile oilPROSEA composition tableuses.plantnet-project.org
(E)-2-Decenal12.1 % of leaf volatile oilPROSEA composition tableuses.plantnet-project.org

Cinnamon

11 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cinnamaldehyde65–80 % of bark oilreview compilation (Rao & Gan, 2014)Sources differ; different reviews, not combinedpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cinnamaldehydeabout 49.9–62.8 % of bark oil'true' cinnamon, systematic review (Ranasinghe et al., 2013)Sources differ; different reviews, not combinedlink.springer.com
Eugenol70–95 % of leaf oilleaf oil, one review (Rao & Gan, 2014)Leaf oil is a different product from barkpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Coumarinabout 3,000 on average; highest up to 10,000 mg/kgcassia, German food-monitoring data (BfR; sample count not stated)Sources differ; different sampling programsbfr.bund.de
Coumarinabout 2.1–4.4 g/kgcassia powder, BfR estimate as cited in a 2013 systematic review (Ranasinghe et al.)Sources differlink.springer.com
Coumarinbrand means of 2,650 to 7,017 mg/kgground cinnamon, Czech retail, 60 samples from 12 brands, botanical source unlabeled (Blahová & Svobodová 2012)Sources differdoaj.org
Coumarincoumarin-free qualitative resultone C. verum sample from a Sri Lankan plantation (Blahová & Svobodová 2012)doaj.org
Lead2,270 to 5,110 ppmground cinnamon from Ecuador supplied by Negasmart to Austrofoods, linked to the October 2023 apple purée pouch recall (FDA)Specific supply, not cinnamon on shelves generallyfda.gov
Lead2.03 to 3.4 ppmspecific lots from six brands of ground cinnamon, FDA alert of 6 March 2024 (discount retail survey, Maryland and Missouri samples)Specific lots; FDA gives no numeric action levelfda.gov
Lead2.03 to 7.68 ppmsummary range in FDA's July 2024 alert (expanded through 28 Sep 2026)Specific lots; the alert product table also lists one product at 10.7 ppmfda.gov
Lead10.7 ppmBaiLiFeng dried cinnamon powder, highest lot in the FDA alert product table (added 30 Oct 2025)Specific lot; brand-by-brand lot results are tabulated on the pagefda.gov

Cinnamon Basil

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil yield0.94 % vol/g dry weightcultivar 'Cinnamon', comparative trial of North American commercial basil cultivars (Purdue New Crops proceedings)Single trialhort.purdue.edu
Linalool47 % of oilcultivar 'Cinnamon', same trialSingle trialhort.purdue.edu
Methyl cinnamate30 % of oilcultivar 'Cinnamon', same trialSingle trialhort.purdue.edu

Cloves

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil14–20 % of budBritannicaSources differ; not mergedbritannica.com
Essential oil15–17 % of budPROSEASources differ; not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilup to 18 % of budBatiha et al., 2020 reviewSources differ; not mergedmdpi.com
Eugenol70–90 % of bud oilPROSEASources differ; not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
Eugenolabout 85–92 % of clove oilBatiha et al., 2020 reviewSources differ; not mergedmdpi.com
Eugenyl acetateup to 17 % of bud oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
β-Caryophyllene5–12 % of bud oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit15 µg/kgEU general limit for dried spiceseur-lex.europa.eu

Coriander Seed

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Linaloolusually more than 60 % of seed oilPROSEASources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Linalool63.8 % of seed oilPROSEA composition tableuses.plantnet-project.org
Terpene alcohols (linalool)60–80 % of seed oil2023 reviewSources differmdpi.com
Essential oilalmost zero to 2 % of seedPROSEA; highest in small-fruited typesSources differ; different samples, not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil0.18–1.40 % of seed (v/w)2023 reviewSources differ; different samples, not mergedmdpi.com

Costmary (Alecost)

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Carvone54.2 % of oilflower oil, carvone-type samples collected in Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Serbia (2022 study)mdpi.com
trans-Dihydrocarvone / β-thujone7.7 / 6.4 % of oilflower oil, carvone-type samples collected in Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Serbia (2022 study)mdpi.com
Carvone52.1 % of oilleaf oil, carvone-type samples collected in Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Serbia (2022 study)mdpi.com
α-Thujone11.4 % of oilleaf oil, carvone-type samples collected in Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Serbia (2022 study)mdpi.com
Carvone47.7 % of oilstem oil, carvone-type samples collected in Ovčar-Kablar Gorge, Serbia (2022 study)mdpi.com

Creole Seasoning

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient340 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (15% DV)Tony Chachere's Original Creole Seasoning, retailer-listed labelgiantfoodstores.com

Cubeb Pepper

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cubebinabout 2 %Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oilup to 10 % of dried fruitreference summary (Katzer)Sources differgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Volatile oil4 to 13 % of fruitofficial cubeb, United States, 1918 U.S. DispensatorySources differhenriettes-herb.com
Sabineneabout 50 % of oil (by mass)dried fruit, reference summary (Katzer)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Methyl eugenol / eugenol / β-cubebene / α-cubebene41.31 / 33.95 / 18.3 / 4.1 % of oilone oil analysis cited in the 2022 Frontiers review; sample origin not given in the passage readfrontiersin.org

Culantro

10 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
(E)-2-Dodecenal59.7 % of leaf oilone Malaysian leaf oil sample summarized by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Storage life, packagedup to 2 weeks at 10 °Cpackaged leaves (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Storage life, packaged4 days at 28 °Cpackaged leaves (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Water Nutrient84.5 g per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient2.9 g per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carbohydrate Nutrient9.2 g per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient2.0 g per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Calcium Nutrient99 mg per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Phosphorus Nutrient98 mg per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Iron Nutrient13 mg per 100 gculantro leaves, per 100 g edible portion (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org

Cumin

16 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil2.5–4.5 % of dried fruitBritannicaSources differbritannica.com
Essential oil2.5–5 % of dried fruitPROSEASources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilabout 1 % of seedone sample of seed collected in Iran's Alborz mountainsOutlier; oil dominated by α-pinene, limonene and 1,8-cineolepmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Cuminaldehyde20–72 % of oilrange across the literature summarized by PROSEASources differ; not mergeduses.plantnet-project.org
Cuminaldehyde19.25–27.02 % of oillab-distilled oils from Turkish seed, steam and water distillation (Baser et al., 1992)Sources differ; not mergedagris.fao.org
Cuminaldehyde31.65–40.88 % of oilfour Indian varieties (RZ-19, RZ-223, RZ-341, RZ-345) from western RajasthanSources differ; not mergedphytojournal.com
p-Mentha-1,4-dien-7-al24.48–44.91 % of oillab-distilled oils from Turkish seed (Baser et al., 1992)agris.fao.org
γ-Terpinene7.06–14.10 % of oillab-distilled oils from Turkish seed (Baser et al., 1992)agris.fao.org
p-Cymene4.61–12.01 % of oillab-distilled oils from Turkish seed (Baser et al., 1992)agris.fao.org
β-Pinene2.98–8.90 % of oillab-distilled oils from Turkish seed (Baser et al., 1992)agris.fao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.0 / 1.5 / 1.5 / 1.3 ml/100 gCodex CXS 327-2017, dry basis; whole/cracked Grade I / Grade II / Grade III / groundfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit8.5 / 10.0 / 12.0 / 9.5 %Codex CXS 327-2017, dry basis; whole/cracked Grade I / Grade II / Grade III / groundfao.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit1.5 / 3.0 / 4.0 / 1.5 %Codex CXS 327-2017, dry basis; whole/cracked Grade I / Grade II / Grade III / groundfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit10 %Codex CXS 327-2017, all formsfao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.1 / 0.5 / 0.5 %Codex CXS 327-2017, Grade I / Grade II / Grade IIIfao.org
Peanut (undeclared)up to 5,000 (0.5%) ppmsome recalled products containing ground cumin, 2014-15 recall, FARRP testingContamination traced to two Turkish suppliers; not cumin generallyallergicliving.com

Curing Salt

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium nitrite6.25 %cure mixes used in USDA training problemsfsis.usda.gov
Sodium nitrite6.25 %The Sausage Maker's Insta Cure #2, product labelsausagemaker.com
Sodium nitrate1 %The Sausage Maker's Insta Cure #2, product labelsausagemaker.com
Sodium nitrite6 %Spice Jungle pink curing salt, product label ("6% sodium nitrite and 94% table salt")spicejungle.com

Curry Leaves

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1.0 % of dried leafleaves collected June 2007 on a research campus in Chittagong, Bangladesh, air-dried and hydrodistilled; one sample from one sitebdpsjournal.org
3-Carene54.2 % of oilsame Chittagong sample; not a typical figurebdpsjournal.org
Caryophyllene9.5 % of oilsame Chittagong samplebdpsjournal.org

Curry Powder

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limit9.0 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Total ash, maximum Limit7.2 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Granulation Limit95 % minimum through U.S. sieve No. 30USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Piperine loss in cooking50–60 % lostpepper boiled 15–30 minutes as part of a curry powder blend (1992 study, abstract)agris.fao.org

Dill

11 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil0.1–1.5 % of dry herbdill herb (leaf) oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil2–6 % of fruitdill fruit (seed) (PROSEA)Sources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilabout 3 % of fruitdill fruit (Britannica)Sources differbritannica.com
Phellandreneabout 35 % of herb oildill herb (leaf) oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
3,9-Epoxy-p-menth-1-ene (dill ether)about 25 % of herb oildill herb (leaf) oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Limoneneup to 70 % of fruit oildill fruit (seed) oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carvoneup to 60 % of fruit oildill fruit (seed) oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carvone50–60 % of fruit oilUS fruit oils (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carvone35–60 % of fruit oilEuropean fruit oils (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Dillapiole20.7 % of fruit oilone Indian dill seed oil sample (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil, minimum Limitat least 0.15 %dried dill product, quality requirement given by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Egyptian Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cumin: cuminaldehyde20 to 72 % of essential oilcumin oil, depending on the study (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Coriander seed: linalool60 to 80 % of oilcoriander seed oil (2023 review)mdpi.com

Epazote

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 0.7 % of leavesKatzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Ascaridole70 % of oilKatzerSources differ; Katzer notes one source stating 86%gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Ascaridole86 % of oilone source cited by KatzerSources differgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Calcium Nutrient340 mg per 100 gleaves, per 100 g, from Duke and Atchley 1986 Handbook of Proximate Analysis Tables, as tabulated by TRAMILtramil.net
Phosphorus Nutrient52 mg per 100 gleaves, per 100 g, from Duke and Atchley 1986 Handbook of Proximate Analysis Tables, as tabulated by TRAMILtramil.net
Iron Nutrient5.2 mg per 100 gleaves, per 100 g, from Duke and Atchley 1986 Handbook of Proximate Analysis Tables, as tabulated by TRAMILtramil.net
Carotene Nutrient2,420 µg per 100 gleaves, per 100 g, from Duke and Atchley 1986 Handbook of Proximate Analysis Tables, as tabulated by TRAMILtramil.net
Ascorbic acid Nutrient11 mg per 100 gleaves, per 100 g, from Duke and Atchley 1986 Handbook of Proximate Analysis Tables, as tabulated by TRAMILtramil.net

Fennel Seed

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil3–4 % of seedBritannicaSources differ; different measurements, not one rangebritannica.com
Essential oil1.9–3.1 % of fruit, by hydrodistillationPROSEASources differuses.plantnet-project.org
Share of plant oil in the fruitabout 95 % of the oilmature fennel (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Anetholeup to 70–80 % of oilsweet-fennel oil (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fenchone2.1 % of oilItalian sweet fennel oils cited by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Fenchone10.2 % of oilItalian bitter fennel oils cited by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Fenugreek

11 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Diosgenin0.5–2 % of seedPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Oleoresinusually below 0.02 % of seedPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient28.2 g per 100 gfenugreek seed, per 100 g (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fat Nutrient5.9 g per 100 gfenugreek seed, per 100 g (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Carbohydrate Nutrient46.5 g per 100 gfenugreek seed, per 100 g (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient8.0 g per 100 gfenugreek seed, per 100 g (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Moisture, maximum Limit9.5 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Volatile oil, minimum Limit0.5 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Total ash, maximum Limit5.0 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit1.0 %USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov
Granulation (ground) Limit95 % minimum through U.S. sieve No. 25USDA purchase specification A-A-20001C (2023)ams.usda.gov

Fingerroot (Krachai)

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1–3 % of dry weight (rhizome and roots)PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
1,8-Cineole18–41 % of oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Camphor13 % of oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Fleur de Sel

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limit12 %Fleur de sel de Guérande PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Insoluble matter, maximum Limitunder 0.20 %Fleur de sel de Guérande PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 %table salt, kosher salt and most sea salts (American Heart Association)heart.org

French Herbs and Spices

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Tarragon essential oil: estragole60 to 75 % of the essential oilscope not stated on source pageFigure is for tarragon, one herb discussed on this roundup pagefood.ec.europa.eu
Herbes de Provence (Label Rouge): thyme Limit19 % of the blendLabel Rouge specification LA 02/03, obtained 2003Composition specification for the Label Rouge product, not a measurementextranet.inao.gouv.fr
Herbes de Provence (Label Rouge): rosemary, savory and oregano, each Limit26 to 27 % of the blendLabel Rouge specification LA 02/03, obtained 2003Composition specification; the same specification excludes lavenderextranet.inao.gouv.fr

Galangal

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil0.2–1.5 % of dry weight (dried rhizome)scope not stated on source pageuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: cineole20–30 % of the essential oilolder literature, as cited by PROSEAOlder figures; describe different samples and methods from the 1980s studies naming 1,8-cineole as main component; do not combineuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: methyl cinnamate48 % of the essential oilolder literature, as cited by PROSEAOlder figure; do not combine with newer figuresuses.plantnet-project.org
Lead, maximum level (dried rhizomes and roots, including galangal) Limit2.0 mg/kgCodex Committee on Contaminants in Foods, 17th session, 2024Committee report notes the proposed levels were based on data for ginger onlyfao.org

Garlic

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil0.1 % of the bulb (about)scope not stated on source pageMainly diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide and allyl propyl disulfidebritannica.com
Vitamin B6 Nutrient0.04 mg per 3 g clove (2% of the FDA Daily Value)USDA FoodData Central, garlic, raw (SR Legacy), scaled to a 3 g cloveper-clove value computed by the page from USDA data; no per-100 g value given on the pagefdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrientunder 1 mg per 3 g clove (1% of the FDA Daily Value)USDA FoodData Central, garlic, raw (SR Legacy), scaled to a 3 g cloveper-clove value computed by the page from USDA data; no per-100 g value given on the pagefdc.nal.usda.gov
Manganese Nutrient0.05 mg per 3 g clove (2% of the FDA Daily Value)USDA FoodData Central, garlic, raw (SR Legacy), scaled to a 3 g cloveper-clove value computed by the page from USDA data; no per-100 g value given on the pagefdc.nal.usda.gov

Garlic Chives

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Dimethyl trisulfide (most abundant volatile)10,623.30 µg/kgone 2022 study, Chinese chive samples, headspace SPME analysisOne study's samples and method; not a fixed value for the plantdoaj.org
Water Nutrient93 g per 100 g edible portion of leavesPROSEA composition, leavesuses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient2.1 g per 100 g edible portion of leavesPROSEA composition, leavesuses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient0.9 g per 100 g edible portion of leavesPROSEA composition, leavesuses.plantnet-project.org
Carotene Nutrient4 mg per 100 g edible portion of leavesPROSEA composition, leavesuses.plantnet-project.org
Vitamin C Nutrient25 mg per 100 g edible portion of leavesPROSEA composition, leavesuses.plantnet-project.org

Garlic Powder

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Energy Nutrient331 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, garlic powder (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient9.0 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, garlic powder (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient1,190 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, garlic powder (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin B6 Nutrient1.65 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, garlic powder (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Sodium Nutrient60 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, garlic powder (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Garlic Salt

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium540 mg per 1/4 teaspoonMcCormick Garlic Salt label, 5.25 ozcompany's own figuresstopandshop.com
Sodium350 mg per 1/4 teaspoonLawry's Garlic Salt with Parsley label, 6 ozDifferent brand and formula from the McCormick row; brand figures, not a category value; company's own figuresstopandshop.com

Genovese Basil

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: linalool77 % of the oil'Genovese' seed from the North American trade, grown in a US field trialhort.purdue.edu
Essential oil: 1,8-cineole12 % of the oil'Genovese' seed from the North American trade, grown in a US field trialhort.purdue.edu
Essential oil yield0.90 %'Genovese' seed from the North American trade, grown in a US field trialhort.purdue.edu
Vitamin K Nutrient1,710 µg per 100 g (dried basil)USDA FoodData Central, dried basil, no cultivar namedNot specific to Genovese basilfdc.nal.usda.gov

Ginger

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1–3 % (usually), commercial dried gingermajor types of commercial dried gingeruses.plantnet-project.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 % w/wCodex CXS 343-2021, whole, pieces and groundfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit8.0 % dry basis (unbleached)Codex CXS 343-2021, whole, pieces and groundfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit12.0 % dry basis (bleached)Codex CXS 343-2021, whole, pieces and groundfao.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit1.5 % dry basisCodex CXS 343-2021, whole, pieces and groundfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 343-2021, whole and piecesfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.0 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 343-2021, groundfao.org
Extraneous matter, maximum Limit1.0 %Codex CXS 343-2021, whole and cut gingerfao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.5 %Codex CXS 343-2021, whole and cut gingerfao.org

Gochugaru

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Capsaicinoids7.0 to 75.9 mg per 100 g20 Korean red peppers, analyzed by HPLC (1994 study)accesson.kr
Capsaicinoids126.1 mg per 100 gCommercial red pepper powders bought by variety and district through Korea's NH cooperative (2000 study); highest, 'Chungyang' varietykoreascience.kr
Capsaicinoids41.7 mg per 100 gCommercial red pepper powders through Korea's NH cooperative (2000 study); Youngyang district powderkoreascience.kr
Carotenoids497.6 mg per 100 g2000 Korean study; sun-dried (taeyangcho) Youngyang district powder, highest of districts comparedkoreascience.kr
Heat (Korean gochu) Conventional rangeunder 1,000 SHUKwon et al. abstract; no samples or method statedNot a stated measurement; the widely repeated 1,500 to 10,000 SHU range has no traceable sourceagris.fao.org
Pungency class: chilli pepper, minimum Limit900 SHUCodex CXS 353-2022 (dried chilli pepper and paprika)fao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits including chilli powdereur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits including chilli powdereur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits including chilli powdereur-lex.europa.eu

Gomasio (Gomashio)

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Salt content Conventional rangeabout 10 % saltKatzer's description of gomashio; method not statedStated proportion, not a lab measurementgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Sesame to salt ratio Conventional range8:1 by weightcommercial gomashio, per JustBentoStated proportion, not a lab measurement; recipes range to 18:1justbento.com

Greek Seasoning

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium241 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (10% of the Daily Value)Cavender's All Purpose Greek Seasoning label, 8 oz canBrand label figure; company's own figuresfoodlion.com

Green Peppercorns

22 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Berry size Limit2.0–6.0 mm across (about)Codex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepperfao.org
Extraneous vegetable matter, maximum Limit0.5 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class Ifao.org
Extraneous vegetable matter, maximum Limit1.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIfao.org
Extraneous vegetable matter, maximum Limit1.2 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIfao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.1 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class Ifao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.5 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIfao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.5 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIfao.org
Black berries, maximum Limit5.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIClass I and II: nilfao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit1.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class Ifao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit3.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIfao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit10.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIfao.org
Moldy berries, maximum Limit1.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIClass I: nilfao.org
Moldy berries, maximum Limit2.0 % m/mCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIfao.org
Mammalian or other excreta, maximum Limit1.0 mg/kgCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class Ifao.org
Mammalian or other excreta, maximum Limit1.0 mg/kgCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIfao.org
Mammalian or other excreta, maximum Limit2.0 mg/kgCodex CXS 326-2017, whole green pepper, Class IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, green pepper, all classesfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit5.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, green pepper, all classesfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.0 mL per 100 g (dry basis)Codex CXS 326-2017, green pepper, all classesfao.org
Moisture, freeze-dried green pepper2–4 %Kerala Agricultural University processing guide, freeze-dried productProcess outcome stated by KAU; sample basis not statedcelkau.in
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu

Guajillo Powder

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat Conventional range2,500–5,000 SHUgeneral rating for the type; no method given (INDY Week, 2015)Unmeasured published ratingindyweek.com
Pungency threshold defining "chilli", minimum Limit900 SHUCodex CXS 353-2022; category threshold, not a rating of guajillofao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu

Gumbo Filé Powder

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Leaf essential oil0.4 % (about)sassafras leaves, per Katzer's Spice PagesA circulating 2–3% leaf oil figure does not match this sourcegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Leaf essential oil: safrole45 % of the leaf oil (roughly)sassafras leaves, per Katzer's Spice Pagesgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Leaf essential oil: camphor30 % of the leaf oilsassafras leaves, per Katzer's Spice Pagesgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Habanero Powder

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Capsaicin, Capsicum chinense Conventional range2 % (typically about), stated as equal to 300,000 SHUspecies, general, per Katzer's Spice PagesGeneral species figure, not a measurement of habanero powdergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Heat, hottest C. chinense cultivars Conventional range200,000 to 300,000 SHU (around)species, general, per Katzer's Spice Pagesgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Heat, habanero pod type Conventional range100,000–500,000 SHUpod type, general rating (DeWitt heat scale, 2008 update)Sources differ; DeWitt calls his scale necessarily approximatefieryfoodscentral.com
Heat, habanero pod type Conventional range100,000–300,000 SHUpod type, general rating (INDY Week, 2015)Sources differindyweek.com
Pungency threshold defining "chilli", minimum Limit900 SHUCodex CXS 353-2022; category thresholdfao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum spices including chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu

Haitian Spices and Seasonings

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Clove oil: eugenol70 to 90 % of the oilscope not stated on source pageFigure is for clove, one spice discussed on this roundup pageuses.plantnet-project.org
Star anise oil: trans-anethole70 to 93 % of the oilscope not stated on source pageFigure is for star anise, one spice discussed on this roundup pageuses.plantnet-project.org

Hawaiian Sea Salt

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium36.7 % by weightone black Hawaiian salt (salt, active coal and taro), Swiss FSVO analysis of 25 salts, 2016Potassium, calcium and iron were below the limit of detection in the same samplewarwick.ac.uk
Sodium40 % (about)most sea salts, general statement by the American Heart AssociationGeneral figure, not a measurement of a Hawaiian saltheart.org

Herbes de Provence

18 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Composition: thyme Limit19 % of the blendLabel Rouge blend as described by Reussir, 2008 (2003 label)Composition specificationreussir.fr
Composition: rosemary, savory and oregano, each Limit26 % of the blendLabel Rouge blend as described by Reussir, 2008 (2003 label)Composition specificationreussir.fr
Composition: basil Limit3 % of the blendLabel Rouge blend as described by Reussir, 2008 (2003 label)Composition specificationreussir.fr
Composition: thyme Limit19 % of the blendLabel Rouge LA 02/03, INAO 2014 modification requestextranet.inao.gouv.fr
Composition: rosemary, savory and oregano, each Limit26 / 27 % of the blendLabel Rouge LA 02/03, INAO 2014 modification requestDocument shows both 26% and 27%, read as a proposed change; sources differextranet.inao.gouv.fr
Composition: basil Limit3 % of the blendLabel Rouge LA 02/03, INAO 2014 modification requestextranet.inao.gouv.fr
Composition: thyme19 % of the blendDucros Label Rouge product specification, 2025company's own figuresmccormickforchefs.com
Composition: rosemary, savory and oregano, each27 % of the blendDucros Label Rouge product specification, 2025No basil in this specification; company's own figuresmccormickforchefs.com
Essential oil, minimum per herb: thyme Limit3 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Essential oil, minimum per herb: oregano Limit3.5 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Essential oil, minimum per herb: rosemary Limit1.8 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Essential oil, minimum per herb: savory Limit1.4 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Essential oil, minimum per herb: basil Limit0.4 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Essential oil, finished blend, minimum Limit2 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Moisture, maximum Limit14 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Stems, maximum Limit2.2 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Foreign matter, maximum Limit1 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit0.8 %Label Rouge LA 02/03 (2014 text)extranet.inao.gouv.fr

Herbs for Inflammation

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Holy basil essential oil: methyl eugenol683.90 µg/mL of oilThai analysis of holy basil essential oils; red holy basil oilConcentration in the oil, not a percentagemdpi.com
Holy basil essential oil: methyl eugenol98.44 µg/mL of oilThai analysis of holy basil essential oils; white holy basil oilConcentration in the oil, not a percentagemdpi.com
Cilantro leaf volatiles: aldehydesmore than 80 % of the leaf volatile compoundsscope not stated on source pageuses.plantnet-project.org

Himalayan Salt

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient1,974 mg per 5 g teaspoon (about, average)31 pink salts bought in Sydney, Canberra and Coffs Harbour, June 2018; ICP-MS (Fayet-Moore et al., 2020)mdpi.com
Sodium394,717.96 mg (per the paper's units; basis not stated on page)31 pink salts, ICP-MS (Fayet-Moore et al., 2020)White iodized control in the same study: 427,636.27; pink roughly 8% less. Each sample measured once in one laboratorymdpi.com
Calcium2,695.09 mg (per the paper's units; basis not stated on page)31 pink salts, ICP-MS (Fayet-Moore et al., 2020)White control: 393.28mdpi.com
Lead2.59 mg/kgone sample of 31 (the only one from Peru), Fayet-Moore et al., 2020Exceeded the 2 mg/kg limit the authors applied; 130 times the white controlmdpi.com

Holy Basil (Tulsi, Kaphrao)

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: methyl eugenol683.90 µg/mL of oilRed holy basil (var. Shyama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang MaiConcentration in the oil, not a percentage; do not compare directly with percentage figuresmdpi.com
Essential oil: beta-caryophyllene145.81 µg/mL of oilRed holy basil (var. Shyama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com
Essential oil: alpha-cubebene104.70 µg/mL of oilRed holy basil (var. Shyama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com
Essential oil yield0.33 % (about)Red holy basil (var. Shyama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com
Essential oil: methyl eugenol98.44 µg/mL of oilWhite holy basil (var. Rama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang MaiConcentration in the oil, not a percentagemdpi.com
Essential oil: alpha-cubebene9.94 µg/mL of oilWhite holy basil (var. Rama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com
Essential oil: alpha-copaene4.74 µg/mL of oilWhite holy basil (var. Rama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com
Essential oil yield0.4 % (about)White holy basil (var. Rama); Tangpao, Chung and Sommano, 2018; plants grown at a research center in Chiang Maimdpi.com

Horseradish

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Energy Nutrient48 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, horseradish, prepared (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient3.3 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, horseradish, prepared (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient24.9 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, horseradish, prepared (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Sodium Nutrient420 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, horseradish, prepared (SR Legacy)Page also shows per-tablespoon (15 g) values computed from thesefdc.nal.usda.gov

Houttuynia Cordata (Fish Mint)

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: nonyl ketones2.10 to 40.36 % of the essential oilacross the samples cited in Wu et al. 2021 reviewRange too wide for any single typical figurefrontiersin.org

Huacatay (Peruvian Black Mint)

10 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: tagetone14.1 % of the oilcommercial oil from Madagascar, as reported in a 2018 reviewDistilled oil, not the fresh leafmdpi.com
Essential oil: dihydrotagetone11.6 % of the oilcommercial oil from Madagascar, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: (E)-tagetenone9.0 % of the oilcommercial oil from Madagascar, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: (Z)-tagetenone6.7 % of the oilcommercial oil from Madagascar, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: limonene66.3 % of the oilsample from Argentina, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: (E)-tagetenone19.1 % of the oilsample from Argentina, as reported in a 2018 reviewDiffers from the Madagascar sample; different samples, not a disagreement over the same scopemdpi.com
Essential oil: beta-caryophyllene14.8 % of the oilsample from Argentina, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: alpha-pinene11.8 % of the oilsample from Argentina, as reported in a 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: (Z)-beta-ocimene7.2 to 37.5 % of the oilstudies cited in a 2018 review; rose as the plant developedSome studies found the opposite trendmdpi.com
Essential oil: dihydrotagetone51 to 14 % of the oilstudies cited in a 2018 review; fell as the plant developedSome studies found the opposite trendmdpi.com

Hungarian Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Capsaicin, maximum (non-pungent paprika) Limit100 mg/kgSzegedi paprika PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Ground paprika adulterated with red lead5.8 % of samples3,432 random samples of Hungarian ground paprika, 1994 reportHistorical adulteration finding, 1994lead.org.au

Hyssop

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Volatile oilup to 2 %Wolters Kluwer professional monograph (Drugs.com); plant, scope not further statedMainly pinocamphone, isopinocamphone, alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene and alpha-terpinenedrugs.com
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (dried herbs including hyssop) Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915eur-lex.europa.eu

Indian Spices

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cardamom oil: 1,8-cineole20 to 60 % of the oilscope not stated on source pageFigure is for green cardamom, one spice on this roundup pageuses.plantnet-project.org
Cardamom oil: alpha-terpinyl acetate20 to 53 % of the oilscope not stated on source pageFigure is for green cardamomuses.plantnet-project.org
Heat, Bhut Jolokia1,001,304 SHUBhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense) from Assam, 2007 HortScience studyFigure is for one chile cultivar, not Indian chile generallyjournals.ashs.org
Turmeric samples above India's lead limit30 % of samples503 turmeric samples from eastern Indianature.com
Lead limit for turmeric, India Limit10 µg/gIndia's lead limit, as cited in the npj Science of Food studynature.com

Is Cinnamon Good for Your Skin? What the Evidence Shows, and Why Cinnamon Can Irritate

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cinnamon bark essential oil: cinnamaldehyde55 to 76 % of the essential oilEuropean Medicines Agency herbal committee assessment, cinnamon bark oilema.europa.eu

Is Curry Powder Spicy? Which Blends Are Hot, Which Are Mild, and How to Tell from the Label

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Piperine loss on boiling50 to 60 % lost1992 study; pepper boiled for 15 to 30 minutes in a curry powder blendRetention/decay figure from domestic cookingagris.fao.org

Italian Herbs and Spices

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Oregano essential oil: carvacrol and thymol combined78 to 85 % of the essential oil (roughly)scope not stated on source pageFigure is for oregano, one herb on this roundup pagemdpi.com
Oregano samples suspicious of adulteration48 % of samplesEU-wide coordinated control plan, oregano samplesMostly adulterated with olive leavespublications.jrc.ec.europa.eu

Italian Seasoning

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limit12 %USDA Commercial Item Description A-A-20001C (federal purchase specification), Italian seasoningNot a standard that retail blends must meetams.usda.gov
Particle size, minimum through No. 10 sieve Limit90 %USDA Commercial Item Description A-A-20001C (federal purchase specification), Italian seasoningNot a standard that retail blends must meetams.usda.gov

Jalapeño Powder

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat, jalapeno pods in general Conventional range2,500–10,000 SHUjalapeno pods in general; no samples or method stated (Dave DeWitt, 2008)No published measurement of jalapeno powder was foundfieryfoodscentral.com
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu

Jamaican Spices and Seasonings

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Allspice berry oil: eugenol50 to 80 % of the berry oilscope not stated on source pageuses.plantnet-project.org
Heat, Scotch bonnet Conventional range100,000 to 500,000 SHUgeneral rating for the pod type (Dave DeWitt's heat scale, 2008 update)General rating, not a measurement of a particular harvestfieryfoodscentral.com

Japanese Spices and Seasonings

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Wasabi: allyl isothiocyanate share of isothiocyanates86 to 94 % of the isothiocyanatesone study (Lincoln University doctoral study)researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Gomashio salt content Conventional rangeabout 10 % saltKatzer's description; method not statedStated proportion, not a lab measurementgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Juniper Berries

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil, minimum Limit10 mL per kg of berriesEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as quoted in the EMA assessment report on Juniperus communis pseudo-fruitema.europa.eu
Essential oil: alpha-pinene Limit20–50 % of the oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as quoted in the EMA assessment report on Juniperus communis pseudo-fruitPharmacopoeial requirement, not the full range found in natureema.europa.eu
Essential oil: beta-myrcene Limit1–35 % of the oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as quoted in the EMA assessment report on Juniperus communis pseudo-fruitPharmacopoeial requirement, not the full range found in natureema.europa.eu
Essential oil: limonene Limit2–12 % of the oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as quoted in the EMA assessment report on Juniperus communis pseudo-fruitPharmacopoeial requirement, not the full range found in natureema.europa.eu

Kaffir Lime Leaves (Makrut Lime)

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Leaf oil: citronellal77.7 % of the leaf oil2023 study; steam-distilled leaf oil, C. hystrix leaves from orchards in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysiamdpi.com
Leaf oil: sabinene3.0 % of the leaf oil2023 study; steam-distilled leaf oil, C. hystrix leaves from orchards in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysiamdpi.com
Leaf oil: citronellol acetate2.8 % of the leaf oil2023 study; steam-distilled leaf oil, C. hystrix leaves from orchards in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysiamdpi.com

Kampot Pepper

14 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Minimum berry size, green Limit3 mmPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum berry size, black Limit4 mmPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum density, black Limit570 g/LPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum berry size, red Limit4 mmPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum density, red Limit570 g/LPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum berry size, white Limit3 mmPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Minimum density, white Limit600 g/LPoivre de Kampot PGI product specification (EU registration 2016)ec.europa.eu
Bulk density, minimum, whole black pepper (top grade) Limit550 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, for comparisonCodex general standard, not Kampot-specificfao.org
Bulk density, minimum, whole black pepper (Grade II) Limit500 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, for comparisonCodex general standard, not Kampot-specificfao.org
Bulk density, minimum, whole black pepper (Grade III) Limit400 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, for comparisonCodex general standard, not Kampot-specificfao.org
Piperine and related compounds5 or more % of black pepper (roughly half of it piperine itself)black pepper generally, per Katzer's Spice Pages; not Kampot-specificNo piperine measurement of Kampot pepper was foundgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vitamin K Nutrient164 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground black pepper (SR Legacy); not specific to Kampotfdc.nal.usda.gov
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu

Kokum

13 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Seed fat (kokum butter)23 to 26 % edible fat in seedsICAR articleSeeds, not the rindepubs.icar.org.in
Moisture87.50 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Acid (as hydroxycitric acid)22.80 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Crude fibre14.28 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Crude fat10.00 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Pectin5.71 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Tannins2.85 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Total ash2.57 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Pigment2.4 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Protein1.92 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Starch1.00 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Ascorbic acid0.06 % of fresh rind (as tabulated)ICAR article table of fresh-rind compositionTable gives values only as %; basis for each component not stated on source pageepubs.icar.org.in
Anthocyanins1,000 to 2,400 mg per 100 g of rindICAR articleepubs.icar.org.in

Korean Mint (Agastache rugosa)

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: estragole89.49 % of the oilone Korean sample from an earlier study cited by Hong et al.One sample, not a typical value; wild Korean plants fall into six chemotypesmdpi.com
Essential oil: D-limonene3.40 % of the oilone Korean sample from an earlier study cited by Hong et al.mdpi.com
Essential oil: pulegone1.86 % of the oilone Korean sample from an earlier study cited by Hong et al.mdpi.com
Essential oil: menthone1.80 % of the oilone Korean sample from an earlier study cited by Hong et al.mdpi.com

Korean Spices and Seasonings

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Capsaicinoids, Korean red peppers7.0 to 75.9 mg per 100 g1994 HPLC study of 20 Korean red peppersaccesson.kr
Capsaicinoids, highest level found126.1 mg% (mg per 100 g)2000 study; 'Chungyang' varietykoreascience.kr
Gochujang: capsaicin, minimum Limit10.0 ppmCodex regional standard for gochujang, CXS 294R-2009fao.org
Gochujang: crude protein, minimum Limit4.0 %Codex regional standard for gochujang, CXS 294R-2009fao.org
Gochujang: moisture, maximum Limit55 %Codex regional standard for gochujang, CXS 294R-2009fao.org
Fermented soybean paste: total nitrogen, minimum (soybean-only paste) Limit1.6 %Codex regional standard for fermented soybean paste (Asia)fao.org
Fermented soybean paste: total nitrogen, minimum (soybean-and-grain paste) Limit0.6 %Codex regional standard for fermented soybean paste (Asia)fao.org
Fermented soybean paste: moisture, maximum Limit60 %Codex regional standard for fermented soybean paste (Asia), both typesfao.org

Korintje Cinnamon

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Bark essential oil1 to 4 %Cinnamomum burmanni bark, PROSEAMainly cinnamaldehyde; the oil lacks eugenolprosea.prota4u.org
Coumarin (cassia cinnamon in general)3,000 mg/kg (average, about)cassia cinnamon in general, BfR; not specific to KorintjeNo Korintje-specific coumarin figure was foundbfr.bund.de
Lead in specific ground cinnamon products2.03 to 7.68 ppmspecific ground cinnamon products named in FDA public health alerts, 2024; species not statedProduct-specific findings, not a category valuefda.gov

Kosher Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium40 % by weight (about)table salt, kosher salt and most sea salts, general statement by the American Heart AssociationGeneral figure; per-teaspoon sodium depends on brand crystal sizeheart.org

Lampong Pepper

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Piperine4.9 to 7.7 %black pepper in general, PROSEA; not specific to LampongNo study comparing piperine in Lampong pepper with other origins was founduses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: monoterpene hydrocarbonsup to 80 % of the essential oilblack pepper in general, per Katzer's Spice Pagesgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vitamin K Nutrient164 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground black pepper (all origins)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species)eur-lex.europa.eu

Lavender as a Culinary Herb

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: linalool11.4–46.7 % of the oil13 new L. angustifolia cultivars bred in Ukraine (2021 study)mdpi.com
Essential oil: linalyl acetate7.4–44.2 % of the oil13 new L. angustifolia cultivars bred in Ukraine (2021 study)mdpi.com
Lavender oil: linalyl acetate (European Pharmacopoeia requirement) Limit25–47 % of the oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as quoted in the 2021 studymdpi.com

Lemon Balm

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Leaf essential oil0.06–0.8 %EMA assessment report on Melissa officinalis leafMainly citral, neral and citronellalema.europa.eu
Essential oil: beta-caryophyllene10 % of the oil (about)EMA assessment report on Melissa officinalis leafema.europa.eu
Essential oil: germacrene D10 % of the oil (about)EMA assessment report on Melissa officinalis leafema.europa.eu
Essential oil yield0.470 % of dry weightone Algerian sample, leaves collected near Algiers in May 2018pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Essential oil: geranial45.06 % of the oilone Algerian sample, leaves collected near Algiers in May 2018pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Essential oil: neral31.72 % of the oilone Algerian sample, leaves collected near Algiers in May 2018pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Essential oil: citronellal6.42 % of the oilone Algerian sample, leaves collected near Algiers in May 2018pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Rosmarinic acid, minimum (dried leaf) Limit1 %European Pharmacopoeia, as cited in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (dried herbs and herbal infusions) Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915eur-lex.europa.eu

Lemon Basil

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: linalool24 % of the oilPurdue cultivar trial, 1999; 'Lemon'hort.purdue.edu
Essential oil: citral19 % of the oilPurdue cultivar trial, 1999; 'Lemon'hort.purdue.edu
Essential oil: linalool61 % of the oilPurdue cultivar trial, 1999; 'Lemon Mrs. Burns'hort.purdue.edu
Essential oil: citral16 % of the oilPurdue cultivar trial, 1999; 'Lemon Mrs. Burns'hort.purdue.edu
Essential oil: estragole98.22 µg/mL of oilChiang Mai University, 2018; lemon basil grown in northern ThailandConcentration, not a percentage; do not compare directly with the Purdue percentagesmdpi.com
Essential oil: citral9.55 µg/mL of oilChiang Mai University, 2018; lemon basil grown in northern Thailandmdpi.com

Lemon Myrtle

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Leaf essential oil4 to 5 % of the leafKatzer's Spice Pages; scope not further statedSources differ in basis: Katzer gives oil content of the leaf, Southwell gives distillation yield from fresh leafgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil yield1 to 3 % from fresh leafSouthwell, as summarized in a 2021 reviewSources differ in basis (see Katzer row)mdpi.com
Essential oil: citral (neral plus geranial)90 to 98 % of the oiltypical steam-distilled oil, as summarized in a 2021 review (Southwell)Sources differmdpi.com
Essential oil: citral (neral plus geranial)90 to 95 % of the oilKatzer's reference figureSources differgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil: citral (neral plus geranial)89.78 % of the oilone oil analyzed in a 2022 study (Lim et al.)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Essential oil: geranial52.13 % of the oilone oil analyzed in a 2022 study (Lim et al.)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Essential oil: neral37.65 % of the oilone oil analyzed in a 2022 study (Lim et al.)pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lemon Pepper Seasoning

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium170 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (7% of the Daily Value)McCormick Signature Seasonings Lemon Pepper label, 5.75 ozBrand label figure; company's own figuresstopandshop.com

Lemon Thyme

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: terpinolene (peak)71 % of the oilToncer et al. 2017; plants grown in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey; at floweringacikerisim.dicle.edu.tr
Essential oil yield2.0 %Toncer et al. 2017; plants grown in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey; before floweringacikerisim.dicle.edu.tr
Essential oil yield1.9 %Toncer et al. 2017; plants grown in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey; at floweringacikerisim.dicle.edu.tr
Essential oil yield1.3 %Toncer et al. 2017; plants grown in southeastern Anatolia, Turkey; after floweringacikerisim.dicle.edu.tr
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (dried herbs) Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915eur-lex.europa.eu

Lemon Verbena

17 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: geranial18.7–21.1 % of the oilSprea et al. 2023, their own samples, two distillation methodsmdpi.com
Essential oil: neral15.3–16.2 % of the oilSprea et al. 2023, their own samples, two distillation methodsmdpi.com
Essential oil: limonene5.0–5.4 % of the oilSprea et al. 2023, their own samples, two distillation methodsmdpi.com
Essential oil: geranial26.8–38.3 % of the oilPortugal (Santos-Gomes et al. 2005), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: neral20.8–29.6 % of the oilPortugal (Santos-Gomes et al. 2005), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: limonene5.7–20.6 % of the oilPortugal (Santos-Gomes et al. 2005), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: geranial26.8–38.7 % of the oilGreece, as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: neral21.8–24.5 % of the oilGreece, as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: limonene5.8–17.7 % of the oilGreece, as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: geranial11.93 % of the oilOzek et al. (country not stated in the review), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: neral5.99 % of the oilOzek et al. (country not stated in the review), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: limonene18.59 % of the oilOzek et al. (country not stated in the review), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewmdpi.com
Essential oil: neral6.27–10.02 % of the oilMorocco (Oukerrou et al. 2017), as reviewed in Sprea et al. 2023 reviewGeranial not detected in these oilsmdpi.com
Essential oil, minimum (whole dried leaf) Limit3.0 mL per kgEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as set out in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Essential oil, minimum (fragmented dried leaf) Limit2.0 mL per kgEuropean Pharmacopoeia, as set out in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Verbascoside (acteoside), minimum (dried leaf) Limit2.5 %European Pharmacopoeia, as set out in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (herbal infusions) Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915eur-lex.europa.eu

Lemongrass

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil yield0.25–0.50 % of harvested herbagePROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil yield (good management, improved selections)0.4–0.6 % of harvested herbagePROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: geranial40–62 % of the oilgeneral range for C. citratus oil, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: neral25–38 % of the oilgeneral range for C. citratus oil, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: geranial53.6 % of the oilRajeswara et al., 1996, as tabulated by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: neral36.1 % of the oilRajeswara et al., 1996, as tabulated by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: geranial39.8 % of the oilIdrisi et al., 1993, as tabulated by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: neral32.0 % of the oilIdrisi et al., 1993, as tabulated by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: total citral14 % of the oil (about)oil from the Ethiopian highlands, reported in the PROSEA entryDo not add the geranial and neral ranges into a single citral figureuses.plantnet-project.org

Long Pepper

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Piperine3–5 % of the fruit's dry weight (about)one 2026 reviewBlack pepper figures on the page come from different sources and samples; not a head-to-head comparisondovepress.com
Essential oil1 % of the fruit (about)one 2026 reviewdovepress.com

Lovage

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (dried lovage, borage, marjoram, oregano and mixtures of only them) Limit1,000 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915Most other dried herbs: 400 µg/kgeur-lex.europa.eu

Mace

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil4–17 % of maceFAO compilation of ranges from different samplesSources differ; do not merge with the PROSEA figurefao.org
Essential oil10 g per 100 g edible portion (about)PROSEASources differ; do not merge with the FAO rangeuses.plantnet-project.org
Fixed oil (fat)20–30 %one FAO tableFAO's text says fixed oils are virtually absent from mace; the page reports the text and flags this inconsistencyfao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum (dried spices, general limit) Limit15 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915The EU aflatoxin limit for spices names nutmeg but not maceeur-lex.europa.eu

Madras Curry Powder

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limit9.0 %USDA Commercial Item Description A-A-20001C, curry powder bought under the specificationams.usda.gov
Total ash, maximum Limit7.2 %USDA Commercial Item Description A-A-20001C, curry powder bought under the specificationams.usda.gov

Mahlab

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Fixed oil30 %Katzer's Spice Pages; scope not further statedSources differ; different samples, not averagedgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Oil40.40 %one 2012 Italian analysisSources differ; different samples, not averagedflore.unifi.it
Protein30.98 %one 2012 Italian analysisflore.unifi.it
Coumarin0.87 mg per gram of fresh kernelone 2012 analysisSingle study; coumarin content of other lots not knownflore.unifi.it
Lactones on roasting6.8 to 24.2 % of volatiles (before to after roasting)one red Egyptian sample (MDPI Foods study)Change caused by roastingmdpi.com

Malabar Pepper

19 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Bulk density, minimum Limit550 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit500 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit400 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit5.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit10.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit13.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.0 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.0 mL/100 g dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.5 % dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.0 % dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit2.0 % dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Essential oil: monoterpene hydrocarbonsup to 80 % of the essential oilblack pepper in general, per Katzer's Spice Pagesgernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vitamin K Nutrient164 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground black pepper (all origins)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, peppereur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, peppereur-lex.europa.eu

Maldon Sea Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium40 % by weight (about)table salt, kosher salt and most sea salts, general statement by the American Heart AssociationGeneral figure, not a Maldon measurementheart.org

Mango Powder (Amchur)

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture, maximum Limit10.0 % by massIS 13242:1991 (reaffirmed 2012), amchur powderOur reading of a partly garbled scan, as the page stateslaw.resource.org
Total ash, maximum Limit4.8 % by massIS 13242:1991 (reaffirmed 2012), amchur powderOur reading of a partly garbled scan, as the page stateslaw.resource.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit1.0 % by massIS 13242:1991 (reaffirmed 2012), amchur powderOur reading of a partly garbled scan, as the page stateslaw.resource.org
Crude fiber, maximum Limit3.5 % by massIS 13242:1991 (reaffirmed 2012), amchur powderOur reading of a partly garbled scan, as the page stateslaw.resource.org
Acidity as anhydrous citric acid, minimum Limit2.0 % by massIS 13242:1991 (reaffirmed 2012), amchur powderOur reading of a partly garbled scan, as the page stateslaw.resource.org

Marjoram

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil2 % of the plant (about)Britannica; scope not further statedbritannica.com
Essential oil: combined sabinene hydrates0.95 to 46.27 % of the oilacross the studies reviewed in a 2022 review (Life)mdpi.com
Essential oil yield, aerial parts0.4 to 1.85 mL per 100 g of dry materialacross the studies reviewed in a 2022 review (Life)mdpi.com
Iron Nutrient82.7 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, dried marjoram (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient1,990 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, dried marjoram (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient51.4 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, dried marjoram (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum (dried marjoram, oregano, borage, lovage and mixtures of only them) Limit1,000 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915Other dried herbs: 400 µg/kgeur-lex.europa.eu

Mexican Oregano

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil3 to 4 % (about)Lippia graveolens, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: thymol40 to 60 % of the oilLippia graveolens, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: carvacrol3 to 25 % of the oilLippia graveolens, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Mint

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Peppermint oil: menthol29–48 % of the oilClark and Menory, 1980, as tabulated in Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Peppermint oil: menthone20–31 % of the oilClark and Menory, 1980, as tabulated in Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Peppermint oil: menthyl acetate3–10 % of the oilClark and Menory, 1980, as tabulated in Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Peppermint oil: menthofuran6.8 % of the oilClark and Menory, 1980, as tabulated in Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: carvone59.50 % of the oilSpearmint, Pakistan, sample 1, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: carvone63.24 % of the oilSpearmint, Pakistan, sample 2, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: limonene10.44 % of the oilSpearmint, Pakistan, sample 1, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: limonene9.09 % of the oilSpearmint, Pakistan, sample 2, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: carvone69.5 % of the oilSpearmint, Serbia, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: menthone21.9 % of the oilSpearmint, Serbia, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: carvone40.8 % of the oilSpearmint, Tunisia, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org
Spearmint oil: limonene20.8 % of the oilSpearmint, Tunisia, Singh and Pandey 2018 review, as tabulatedfrontiersin.org

Moroccan Mint

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil: carvone65.94 % of the oilOuarzazate, cultivated strain; 13 cultivated or wild Moroccan spearmint strains from 10 regions (Moroccan Journal of Agricultural Sciences)agrimaroc.org
Essential oil: carvone72.3 % of the oilIfrane, wild strain (S2); 13 cultivated or wild Moroccan spearmint strains from 10 regions (Moroccan Journal of Agricultural Sciences)agrimaroc.org
Essential oil: limonene17.8 to 18.1 % of the oilSettat and Ifrane (S1) strains; 13 cultivated or wild Moroccan spearmint strains from 10 regions (Moroccan Journal of Agricultural Sciences)agrimaroc.org
Energy Nutrient44 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (SR Legacy); no separate entry for Moroccan mintfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A Nutrient203 µg RAE per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (SR Legacy); no separate entry for Moroccan mintfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient13.3 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (SR Legacy); no separate entry for Moroccan mintfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient199 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (SR Legacy); no separate entry for Moroccan mintfdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient11.9 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (SR Legacy); no separate entry for Moroccan mintfdc.nal.usda.gov

Moroccan Spices

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cumin oil: cuminaldehyde20 to 72 % of the oilPROSEA; scope not further statedComponent spiceuses.plantnet-project.org
Ceylon cinnamon bark oil: cinnamaldehyde49.9 to 62.8 % of the bark oil (about)systematic reviewComponent spicelink.springer.com
Coriander seed oil: terpene alcohols, chiefly linalool60 to 80 % of the oil2023 review in MoleculesComponent spicemdpi.com
Cardamom oil: 1,8-cineole20 to 60 % of the oilPROSEA; scope not further statedComponent spiceuses.plantnet-project.org
Cardamom oil: alpha-terpinyl acetate20 to 53 % of the oilPROSEA; scope not further statedComponent spiceuses.plantnet-project.org
Nutmeg oil: aromatic ethers, including myristicin2 to 18 % of the oilPROSEA; scope not further statedComponent spiceuses.plantnet-project.org

Mustard Powder

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Energy Nutrient508 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground mustard seed (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Protein Nutrient26.1 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground mustard seed (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fat Nutrient36.2 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground mustard seed (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Selenium Nutrient208 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, ground mustard seed (SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Nigella Seeds (Kalonji)

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil0.5 % (about, on average)Katzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil, upper figure1.5 % (up to about)Katzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil: thymoquinoneup to 50 % of the essential oilKatzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil: p-cymene40 % of the essential oil (about)Katzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Fixed oil: linoleic acid50 to 60 % of the fixed oilKatzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Fixed oil: oleic acid20 % of the fixed oil (about)Katzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Fixed oil: saturated fatty acids30 or less % of the fixed oil (about)Katzer's Spice Pages; reference-work ranges, not a single samplegernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Nutmeg

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential (volatile) oil5–15 % of the kernelFAOSources differ; do not merge with the PROSEA figurefao.org
Essential oil5 g per 100 g edible portion (about)PROSEASources differ; do not merge with the FAO rangeuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil: monoterpene hydrocarbons61–88 % of the oilFAOfao.org
Essential oil: aromatic ethers (myristicin, elemicin, safrole)2–18 % of the oilPROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Fixed oil25–40 % of sound nutmegsFAOfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum (whole or ground nutmeg) Limit6.5 mL per 100 gCanada Food and Drug Regulations, section B.07, in force 2006 until December 2024Historical legal minimum, no longer in forcelaws-lois.justice.gc.ca
Moisture, maximum (whole or ground nutmeg) Limit8 %Canada Food and Drug Regulations, section B.07, in force 2006 until December 2024Historical legal maximum, no longer in forcelaws-lois.justice.gc.ca
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, nutmegeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2), maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, nutmegeur-lex.europa.eu

Old Bay Seasoning

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient125 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (0.6 g) servingClassic Old Bay, 16 oz, Nutrition Facts via retailer listing (5% Daily Value)Company's own figures.shoprite.com
Sodium Nutrient85 mg per servingOld Bay 30% Less Sodium version, Nutrition Facts via retailer listingCompany's own figures.shoprite.com
Heat (pungency) Conventional range1,000 to 1,500 Scoville heat unitsOld Bay as a product on Dave DeWitt's 2008 heat scaleA general rating, not a lab measurement of a particular tin.fieryfoodscentral.com

Onion Powder

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Energy Nutrient341 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient15.2 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient985 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient384 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrient113 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Sodium Nutrient73 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient23.4 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, onion powder (FDC ID 171327, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Onion Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient440 mg per 1/4 teaspoonMcCormick Onion Salt, label Nutrition Facts via retailer listingCompany's own figures.stopandshop.com

Oregano

22 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Carvacrol plus thymol (combined)78–85 % of essential oilTypical oregano oil per the review (page: "almost 78–85%")mdpi.com
Carvacrol58.7–77.4 % of essential oilSpanish O. vulgare samples (Carrasco et al., as tabulated in the review)mdpi.com
Thymol0.2–5.8 % of essential oilSpanish O. vulgare samples (Carrasco et al., as tabulated in the review)mdpi.com
Moisture, maximum Limit12 %Codex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, all stylesfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.5 ml/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Extra grade (whole and crushed)fao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.0 ml/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Class I (whole and crushed)fao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 ml/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Class II (whole and crushed)fao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.3 ml/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, groundfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit9 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Extra gradefao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit10 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Class I and Class IIfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit12 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, groundfao.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit1.2 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Extra gradefao.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit2 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Class I and Class IIfao.org
Acid-insoluble ash, maximum Limit2.5 %, dry basisCodex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, groundfao.org
Extraneous matter, maximum Limit0.5 %Codex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Extra gradefao.org
Extraneous matter, maximum Limit2 %Codex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, Class I and Class IIGround: N/A; Codex notes this does not mean zero.fao.org
Foreign matter, maximum Limit0.1 %Codex CXS 342-2021, dried oregano, every whole gradefao.org
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit1,000 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried oregano, marjoram, borage and lovage and mixtures made only of themeur-lex.europa.eu
Vitamin K Nutrient622 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, oregano, dried (FDC ID 171328, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient36.8 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, oregano, dried (FDC ID 171328, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient1,600 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, oregano, dried (FDC ID 171328, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient42.5 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, oregano, dried (FDC ID 171328, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Paprika

26 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit120 ASTA unitsHungarian Food Codex MÉ 2-108 (2013), premium class különleges ("special")elelmiszerlanc.kormany.hu
Capsaicinoids, heat class boundary: non-pungent (sweet) Limitbelow 30 mg/kgHungarian Food Codex MÉ 2-108 (2013), ground paprika heat classeselelmiszerlanc.kormany.hu
Capsaicinoids, heat class boundary: mildly hot Limit30–200 mg/kgHungarian Food Codex MÉ 2-108 (2013), ground paprika heat classeselelmiszerlanc.kormany.hu
Capsaicinoids, heat class boundary: hot Limit200–500 mg/kgHungarian Food Codex MÉ 2-108 (2013), ground paprika heat classeselelmiszerlanc.kormany.hu
Capsaicinoids, heat class boundary: very hot Limitabove 500 mg/kgHungarian Food Codex MÉ 2-108 (2013), ground paprika heat classeselelmiszerlanc.kormany.hu
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit120 ASTA units, at packagingSzegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Color loss, permitted Limit5 ASTA units per month after packagingSzegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentThe only rate-of-loss figure found for the page; a permitted allowance, not a measured decay rate.dfat.gov.au
Capsaicin, non-pungent ceiling Limitno more than 100 mg/kgSzegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentThe Szeged PDO and the Hungarian codex draw heat boundaries differently (100 vs 30 mg/kg); different documents for different labels.dfat.gov.au
Capsaicin, moderately hot band Limit100–200 mg/kgSzegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Capsaicin, hot threshold Limitabove 200 mg/kgSzegedi fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit85 ASTA units, at end of minimum durabilityKalocsai fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Capsaicin, moderately hot band Limit30–200 mg/kgKalocsai fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Capsaicin, hot threshold Limitabove 500 mg/kgKalocsai fűszerpaprika-őrlemény PDO single documentdfat.gov.au
Moisture after smoke-drying Limitunder 15 %Pimentón de la Vera PDO, pods smoke-dried 10–15 days from about 80% moistureassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit90 ASTA units, at millingPimentón de la Vera PDO product specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit120 ASTA units, at grindingPimentón de Murcia PDO specification, Extraec.europa.eu
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit90 ASTA units, at grindingPimentón de Murcia PDO specification, Category Iec.europa.eu
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient2,460 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite, last updated 2019)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) Nutrient29.1 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite, last updated 2019)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Beta-carotene Nutrient26,200 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite, last updated 2019)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Beta-cryptoxanthin Nutrient6,190 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite, last updated 2019)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Lutein + zeaxanthin Nutrient18,900 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite, last updated 2019)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, explicitly including paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, explicitly including paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, explicitly including paprikaeur-lex.europa.eu
Lead, maximum Limit0.60 mg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried "fruit spices"The section read did not say whether paprika is classed as a fruit spice; listed with that caveat.eur-lex.europa.eu

Parsley

13 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilless than 0.5 %Parsley, Britannica (plant part not specified)Sources differ: PROSEA gives lower figures for the fresh herb; the two may not describe the same plant part.britannica.com
Essential oil0.07–0.15 % of fresh herbCurly types, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil0.04 % of fresh herbFlat-leaved type, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil0.05 % of fresh herbTurnip-rooted type, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
1,3,8-p-Menthatrieneabout 20 % of leaf oilGerman-grown flat-leaved and curly samples, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Myristicinabout 32 % of leaf oilGerman-grown curly sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Myristicin9.1 % of leaf oilGerman-grown flat-leaved sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Limonene18 % of leaf oilGerman-grown flat-leaved sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Limonene14 % of leaf oilGerman-grown curly sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Apiole33.3 % of seed (fruit) oilFrench flat-leaved sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Myristicin22.5 % of seed (fruit) oilFrench flat-leaved sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Myristicin56 % of seed (fruit) oilFrench curly sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Nutrient122 mg per 100 gDried parsley, PROSEA composition tableuses.plantnet-project.org

Pasilla Powder

10 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Pungency, minimum for dried chilli pepper Limit900 SHU or more Scoville heat unitsAnything sold as dried chilli pepper under Codex CXS 353-2022 (pasilla is a listed variety)A category threshold, not a measurement of pasilla. No measured Scoville figure for pasilla was found.fao.org
Vitamin B6 Nutrient4.23 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient1,790 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Dietary fiber Nutrient26.8 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient9.83 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient2,220 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient6.4 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, peppers, pasilla, dried, whole (FDC ID 168579, SR Legacy); no entry for the powderfdc.nal.usda.gov
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits, whole or groundeur-lex.europa.eu

Peppermint

14 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Menthol Limit30–55 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Menthone Limit14–32 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Isomenthone Limit1.5–10 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Menthyl acetate Limit2.8–10 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
1,8-Cineole Limit3.5–8 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Menthofuran Limit1–8 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Limonene Limit1–3.5 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Pulegone, maximum Limit3 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Carvone, maximum Limit1 % of essential oilEuropean Pharmacopoeia range for peppermint oil, as quoted in the EMA assessment reportema.europa.eu
Menthol29–48 % of essential oilOne peppermint oil tabulated in Singh and Pandey's review (Clark and Menory, 1980)frontiersin.org
Menthone20–31 % of essential oilOne peppermint oil tabulated in Singh and Pandey's review (Clark and Menory, 1980)frontiersin.org
Essential oil, minimum Limit12 ml per kgEuropean Pharmacopoeia, whole dried leaf, via EMAema.europa.eu
Essential oil, minimum Limit9 ml per kgEuropean Pharmacopoeia, cut dried leaf, via EMAema.europa.eu
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried peppermint and peppermint herbal infusionseur-lex.europa.eu

Peruvian Spices and Herbs

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat (pungency), ají amarillo Conventional range5,000 to 15,000 Scoville heat unitsAjí amarillo as a type, Dave DeWitt's Heat Scale (2008)Sources differ; not a lab measurement. The lab study (s5) calls ajíes mildly pungent next to C. chinense.fieryfoodscentral.com
Heat (pungency), ají amarillo30,000 to 50,000 Scoville heat unitsProderna's own dried product (merchant figure)Sources differ; merchant figure for its own product. Company's own figures.proderna.de
Heat (pungency), rocoto Conventional range50,000 to 100,000 Scoville heat unitsRocoto on Dave DeWitt's Heat Scale (2008)Not a lab measurement; the lab study (s5) grouped ajíes and rocotos as mildly pungent compared with C. chinense.fieryfoodscentral.com

Pickling Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightTable salt, kosher salt and most sea salts (American Heart Association); the page states pickling salt is the same compoundheart.org

Pink Pepper

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Δ3-Careneabout 21 % of essential oilThe analysis Katzer cites (berry essential oil)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
α-Pinene20 % of essential oilThe analysis Katzer cites (berry essential oil)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
α-Phellandrene13 % of essential oilThe analysis Katzer cites (berry essential oil)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Poppy Seeds

10 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Fat Nutrientabout 42 % by weightUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Protein Nutrient18 % by weightUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Energy Nutrient525 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient1,440 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrient347 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Manganese Nutrient6.71 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Fiber Nutrient19.5 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient9.76 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, poppy seed (FDC ID 171330, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Opium alkaloids (inherent in seed)about 50 ppmSeed itself, per KatzerEFSA notes seeds can be contaminated with more alkaloid through pest damage and harvesting.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Opium alkaloids, maximum Limit20 mg/kg (morphine plus 0.2 times codeine)EU Regulation 2023/915, whole, ground or milled poppy seeds sold to the final consumereur-lex.europa.eu

Portuguese Spices

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat (pungency), "African birdseye" chiles Conventional range100,000 to 500,000 Scoville heat units"African birdseye" chiles as a category on Dave DeWitt's heat scale (2008)A category, not a measurement of Portuguese piri-piri.fieryfoodscentral.com

Red Pepper Flakes

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Seeds and seed fragments, maximum Limit40 % by weightTurkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Seeds and seed fragments, maximum Limit2 % by weightTurkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, ipek pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Added vegetable oil, maximum Limit6 % by weightTurkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, pul biber and ipek pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Salt, maximum Limit7 %Turkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, pul biber and ipek pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Total oil, maximum Limit18 %, dry basisTurkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Total oil, maximum Limit9 %, dry basisTurkish Food Codex communiqué on spices 2022/7, ipek pul biberfaolex.fao.org
Pungency, crushed or flaked chilli pepper Limit900 SHU or more Scoville heat unitsCodex CXS 353-2022, crushed or flaked chilli pepper as a categoryfao.org
Pungency, crushed hot paprika Limitabove 480 and below 900 Scoville heat unitsCodex CXS 353-2022, crushed hot paprikafao.org
Pungency, crushed paprika Limit480 SHU or less Scoville heat unitsCodex CXS 353-2022, crushed paprikafao.org
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu

Rock Salt

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium chloride, minimum Limit97 %, dry basis, excluding additivesCodex CXS 150-1985 (rev. 2012), food-grade salt from any sourceservices.bis.gov.in
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightTable salt, kosher salt and most sea salts (American Heart Association); the page states mined salt is the same compoundheart.org

Rose Petals

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Geraniolup to 75 % of rose oilRose oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Citronellolaround 20 % of rose oilRose oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Nerolaround 20 % of rose oilRose oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Nonadecane and other long-chain hydrocarbonsup to 10 % of rose oilRose oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
C13-norisoprenoid (trace)about 0.01 % of rose oilRose oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oil yieldabout 10 g per 100 kg (0.01) % of fresh flowersFresh rose flowers, at best, per KatzerKatzer also gives roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kg of flowers per 1 kg of oil.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil1–2 % of dried leafDried leaf, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
α-Pinene13.5–37.7 % of essential oilRosemary oils from plants collected in Australia, the USA, South Africa, Kenya, Nepal and Yemen (Satyal et al. 2017; at least five chemotypes)mdpi.com
1,8-Cineole16.1–29.3 % of essential oilRosemary oils from plants collected in Australia, the USA, South Africa, Kenya, Nepal and Yemen (Satyal et al. 2017; at least five chemotypes)mdpi.com
Camphor0.7–7.0 % of essential oilRosemary oils from plants collected in Australia, the USA, South Africa, Kenya, Nepal and Yemen (Satyal et al. 2017; at least five chemotypes)mdpi.com
1,8-Cineole24.0 % of essential oilOne Spanish oil of the camphor type, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Camphor35.3 % of essential oilOne Spanish oil of the camphor type, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried herbs (covers dried rosemary, not among the named exceptions)eur-lex.europa.eu

Saffron

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Coloring strength (crocin), minimum Limit230 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 440 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Extra Classagilent.com
Bitterness (picrocrocin), minimum Limit80 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 257 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Extra Classagilent.com
Aroma (safranal), range Limit30–50 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 330 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Extra Classagilent.com
Coloring strength (crocin), minimum Limit200 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 440 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IA 2022 paper written before the 2025 edition describes three categories (I, II, III) with the same minimums for those grades (s6).agilent.com
Bitterness (picrocrocin), minimum Limit70 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 257 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade Iagilent.com
Aroma (safranal), range Limit20–50 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 330 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade Iagilent.com
Coloring strength (crocin), minimum Limit170 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 440 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIA 2022 paper written before the 2025 edition describes three categories (I, II, III) with the same minimums for those grades (s6).agilent.com
Bitterness (picrocrocin), minimum Limit55 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 257 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIagilent.com
Aroma (safranal), range Limit20–50 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 330 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIagilent.com
Coloring strength (crocin), minimum Limit120 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 440 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIIA 2022 paper written before the 2025 edition describes three categories (I, II, III) with the same minimums for those grades (s6).agilent.com
Bitterness (picrocrocin), minimum Limit40 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 257 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIIagilent.com
Aroma (safranal), range Limit20–50 ISO 3632 value: absorbance of a 1% water extract at about 330 nmISO 3632-1:2025, as reported by Agilent's application note, Grade IIIagilent.com

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

10 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilup to 2.5 % of dried leafDried leaves, depending on origin, growing conditions and harvest (PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
α-Thujone22.8 % of essential oilOne Spanish sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
β-Thujone4.3 % of essential oilOne Spanish sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
1,8-Cineole15.7 % of essential oilOne Spanish sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Camphor5.0 % of essential oilOne Spanish sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
α-Thujone23.0 % of essential oilOne Italian sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
β-Thujone26.9 % of essential oilOne Italian sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
1,8-Cineole11.8 % of essential oilOne Italian sage oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Stems (adulterant), maximum Limit10 %Traded dried sage, per PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried herbs (covers dried sage, not among the named exceptions)eur-lex.europa.eu

Saigon Cinnamon

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil in bark1–7 %Vietnamese cassia (C. loureiroi) bark, PROSEA; oil mainly cinnamaldehyde with traces of eugenolprosea.prota4u.org
Coumarinabout 3,000 mg/kg, averageCassia in general, German food monitoring (BfR); not C. loureiroi specificallyA 2013 US study of authenticated C. loureiroi bark found "substantial" coumarin but the abstract gives no figure.bfr.bund.de
Coumarin, highest foundup to 10,000 mg/kgCassia in general, German food monitoring (BfR); not C. loureiroi specificallybfr.bund.de

Sand Ginger (Kencur)

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 2.5–4 % of rhizomeRhizome, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate30 % of essential oilKatzer (single figure, no sample stated)Sources differ.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate28.4–70.0 % of essential oilSamples from Kerala and Karnataka, India (review table, Wang et al. 2021)Sources differ.frontiersin.org
Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate25.96 % of essential oilChiang Mai, Thailand (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Ethyl cinnamate25 % of essential oilKatzer (single figure, no sample stated)Sources differ.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Ethyl cinnamate11.5–26.6 % of essential oilIndian samples (review table, Wang et al. 2021)Sources differ.frontiersin.org
Pentadecane6.0–16.5 % of essential oilIndian samples (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Pentadecane26.1 % of essential oilChiang Mai, Thailand (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole)0.2–5.2 % of essential oilIndian samples (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole)2.12 % of essential oilChiang Mai, Thailand (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Borneol1.0–2.4 % of essential oilIndian samples (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org
Borneol1.03 % of essential oilChiang Mai, Thailand (review table, Wang et al. 2021)frontiersin.org

Sansho Pepper

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Total amides (sanshools)as high as 3 %Z. piperitum fruit wall, per KatzerNo essential oil analysis specific to Japanese sansho was found; the page's 4% oil figure is for Chinese Sichuan pepper.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Sassafras

8 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 0.4 % of leavesLeaves, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Safroleabout 45 % of leaf oilLeaf oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Camphorabout 30 % of leaf oilLeaf oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oilabout 2 % of rootRoot, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Safroleabout 80 % of root oilRoot oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Essential oilabout 8 % of root barkRoot bark, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Safroleabout 80 % of root bark oilRoot bark oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Safroleabout 80 % of oil of sassafrasCommercial oil of sassafras, FDA (21 CFR 189.180)ecfr.gov

Saw Leaf Herb (Ngò Gai)

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
(E)-2-Dodecenalabout 60 % of leaf oilLeaf oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
(E)-2-Dodecenal59.7 % of leaf oilA Malaysian sample, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Calcium Nutrient99 mg per 100 g edible portionLeaves, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Iron Nutrient13 mg per 100 g edible portionLeaves, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Storage life, packaged leavesup to 2 weeks at 10 °C; 4 days at 28 °C days or weeks at stated temperaturePackaged leaves, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Sazón Seasoning

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient170 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (1 g) servingGoya Sazón with Coriander and Annatto, 3.52 oz box, Nutrition Facts via online shop listing (7% Daily Value)Company's own figures.shop.goya.com

Sea Salt

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightTable salt, kosher salt and most sea salts (American Heart Association)heart.org
Sodium chloride, minimum Limit97 % of dry matter, excluding additivesCodex CXS 150-1985 (rev. 2012), food-grade salt from sea, rock deposits or brineservices.bis.gov.in
Moisture, maximum Limit12 %Sel de Guérande IGP specification (2025), gray saltinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Microplastics506 particles per kg, average39 salt brands from 21 countries and regions (28 sea, 9 rock, 2 lake), Kim et al. 2018, as reported in a Greenpeace press releaseAverage across all salt types, not sea salt alone; the study found contamination highest in sea salt. Describes 39 products, not the market.greenpeace.org

Seasoned Salt

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient380 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (1.2 g) servingLawry's The Original Seasoned Salt, 16 oz, Nutrition Facts via retailer listing (17% DV)Company's own figures.shoprite.com
Sodium Nutrient270 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (1.2 g) servingLawry's 25% Less Sodium Seasoned Salt, 8 oz, Nutrition Facts via retailer listing (12% DV)Company's own figures.shoprite.com
Sodium Nutrient350 mg per 1/4 teaspoon (1.1 g) servingMorton Season-All Seasoned Salt, 8 oz, product page (15% DV)Company's own figures.mortonsalt.com

Sesame Seeds

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Fat Nutrient45-50 g per 100 g of seedSesame seed, PROSEASources differ in scope: USDA gives 49.7 g for whole dried seed.uses.plantnet-project.org
Fat Nutrient49.7 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, sesame seeds, whole, dried (FDC ID 170150, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Energy Nutrient573 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, sesame seeds, whole, dried (FDC ID 170150, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Protein Nutrient17.7 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, sesame seeds, whole, dried (FDC ID 170150, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient989 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, sesame seeds, whole, roasted and toasted (FDC ID 170151)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient131 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, sesame seed kernels, toasted, hulled (FDC ID 170152)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Ethylene oxide, maximum residue level Limit0.05 mg/kgEU maximum residue level for sesame seeds, set at the limit of quantification (European Commission, 2020)The 2020 Indian-origin sesame recalls involved "severe exceedances" of this level.food.ec.europa.eu

Shiso (Perilla)

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Drying oil in seedabout 40 %Perilla seeds, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Smoked Paprika

15 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture after smoke-drying Limitunder 15 %Pimentón de la Vera PDO specification, fruit dried 10 to 15 days from 80% moistureassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Moisture, maximum Limit14 %Pimentón de la Vera PDO specification, finished powderassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Extractable color (ASTA), minimum Limit90 ASTA units, at millingPimentón de la Vera PDO specificationassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
Pungency, paprika category Limit480 SHU or less Scoville heat unitsPaprika as a category, Codex CXS 353-2022The La Vera specification gives no Scoville or capsaicin limit for its types.fao.org
Pungency, hot paprika category Limitabove 480 and below 900 Scoville heat unitsHot paprika as a category, Codex CXS 353-2022fao.org
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient2,460 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite); no separate entry for smoked paprikafdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) Nutrient29.1 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite); no separate entry for smoked paprikafdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin B6 Nutrient2.14 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite); no separate entry for smoked paprikafdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient21.1 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite); no separate entry for smoked paprikafdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient229 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, paprika (FDC ID 171329, one SR Legacy composite); no separate entry for smoked paprikafdc.nal.usda.gov
Benzo[a]pyrene40.1 to 70.4 µg/kgThree samples of Spanish smoked paprika powder assessed by BfR (Opinion 018/2024)Sources differ in scope from the Spanish 144-sample average. EU limits of 10 µg/kg benzo[a]pyrene and 50 µg/kg PAH4 for dried spices do not apply to smoked Capsicum (smoked paprika).bfr.bund.de
PAH4 (sum of four PAHs)167.9 to 311.7 µg/kgThree samples of Spanish smoked paprika powder assessed by BfR (Opinion 018/2024)bfr.bund.de
Benzo[a]pyrene0.049 mg/kg, averageReference values from 144 samples of PDO Pimentón de la Vera (Spanish study, 2021)Sources differ in scope from the BfR three-sample figures.mdpi-res.com
PAH4 (sum of four PAHs)0.780 mg/kg, averageReference values from 144 samples of PDO Pimentón de la Vera (Spanish study, 2021)mdpi-res.com
Ochratoxin A, maximum Limit20 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried Capsicum fruits (includes chillies, chilli powder, cayenne and paprika)eur-lex.europa.eu

Smoked Sea Salt

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightMost sea salts (American Heart Association)Austria's AGES tested 22 smoked salts for PAHs (all compliant) but did not publish the measured values.heart.org

Sorrel

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Total oxalate273.0–953.8 mg per 100 g wet matter2013 New Zealand study of a green and a variegated R. acetosa cultivar, HPLC; leaves, range across cultivars and leaf sizesLarger, more mature leaves carried more oxalate.researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Soluble oxalate42.0–124.8 mg per 100 g wet matter2013 New Zealand study of a green and a variegated R. acetosa cultivar, HPLC; leaves, range across cultivars and leaf sizesresearcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Total oxalate334.9–491.6 mg per 100 g wet matter2013 New Zealand study of a green and a variegated R. acetosa cultivar, HPLC; stemsresearcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Soluble oxalate53.9–83.6 mg per 100 g wet matter2013 New Zealand study of a green and a variegated R. acetosa cultivar, HPLC; stemsresearcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Energy Nutrient23.2 kcal per 100 gRaw sorrel, ANSES Ciqual 2020 table as presented by Aprifelaprifel.com
Vitamin C Nutrient48 mg per 100 gRaw sorrel, ANSES Ciqual 2020 table as presented by Aprifelaprifel.com
Iron Nutrient2.40 mg per 100 gRaw sorrel, ANSES Ciqual 2020 table as presented by Aprifelaprifel.com
Magnesium Nutrient103 mg per 100 gRaw sorrel, ANSES Ciqual 2020 table as presented by Aprifelaprifel.com
Potassium Nutrient390 mg per 100 gRaw sorrel, ANSES Ciqual 2020 table as presented by Aprifelaprifel.com

South African Spices

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat (pungency), "African birdseye" chiles Conventional range100,000 to 500,000 Scoville heat units"African birdseye" chiles as a category on Dave DeWitt's heat scale (2008)A category rather than a measured sample.fieryfoodscentral.com

Spanish Spices

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Moisture after smoke-drying Limitunder 15 %Pimentón de la Vera PDO specification, fruit dried 10 to 15 days from 80% moistureassets.publishing.service.gov.uk
1,8-Cineole (bay leaf)about 32 % of leaf oilOne Italian bay leaf oil sample (Caputo et al.)Sources differ: other studies in the same review give 35% to 59%.mdpi.com
1,8-Cineole (bay leaf)35 to 59 % of leaf oilOther studies cited in Caputo et al.Sources differ.mdpi.com
Carvacrol (Spanish oregano)58.7 to 77.4 % of essential oilSpanish oregano samples, one study tabulated in a 2020 review (Lombrea et al.)mdpi.com

Spearmint

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Carvone69.5 % of essential oilOne Serbian spearmint oil tabulated in Singh and Pandey's reviewA single sample, not a typical value.frontiersin.org
Menthone21.9 % of essential oilOne Serbian spearmint oil tabulated in Singh and Pandey's reviewfrontiersin.org
Energy Nutrient44 kcal per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A Nutrient203 µg RAE (4,050 IU) per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient13.3 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Folate Nutrient105 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient199 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient11.9 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient458 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spearmint, fresh (FDC ID 173475, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Star Anise

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil yield3–3.5 % of fruit, by steam distillationStar anise fruit, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
trans-Anethole70–93 % of essential oilStar anise oil, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org

Summer Savory

16 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Volatile oilup to 5 % of dry weightS. hortensis, 2018 reviewmdpi.com
Carvacrol11–67 % of essential oilRange across studies summarized in a 2018 review of S. hortensis (Fierascu et al.)mdpi.com
γ-Terpinene15.30–39 % of essential oilRange across studies summarized in a 2018 review of S. hortensis (Fierascu et al.)mdpi.com
Thymol0.3–28.2 % of essential oilRange across studies summarized in a 2018 review of S. hortensis (Fierascu et al.)mdpi.com
p-Cymene3.5–19.6 % of essential oilRange across studies summarized in a 2018 review of S. hortensis (Fierascu et al.)mdpi.com
Carvacrol54.7 % of essential oilWild-growing Turkish plants (Dikbas et al., as tabulated in the 2018 review)mdpi.com
γ-Terpinene20.9 % of essential oilWild-growing Turkish plants (Dikbas et al., as tabulated in the 2018 review)mdpi.com
Thymol2.0 % of essential oilWild-growing Turkish plants (Dikbas et al., as tabulated in the 2018 review)mdpi.com
p-Cymene12.3 % of essential oilWild-growing Turkish plants (Dikbas et al., as tabulated in the 2018 review)mdpi.com
Carvacrol46.4 % of essential oilStudy following the oil through the growing season, ripened-fruit stage (reported in the 2018 review)γ-Terpinene was the main component at most other stages.mdpi.com
Iron Nutrient37.9 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Potassium Nutrient1,050 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient2,130 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrient377 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin A (RAE) Nutrient257 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient50 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say which speciesfdc.nal.usda.gov

Sweet Cicely

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 0.05 % of leavesLeaves, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Anetholeabout 85 % of leaf oilLeaf oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Sweet Woodruff

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Coumarin203 mg/kg (0.02%) mg/kgAerial parts, from a 2008 table by Rychlik as adapted by ANSESSources differ widely; one study cited by the Drugs.com monograph detected no coumarins.anses.fr
Coumarin0.6 %Content stated for the plant, Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) monographSources differ.drugs.com
Coumarin1.06 % of dry weight, averageAverage in dry weight of the plant, Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) monographSources differ.drugs.com
Asperuloside0.05 %Minor component listed by the Drugs.com (Wolters Kluwer) monographdrugs.com

Szechuan Pepper

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilup to 4 %Chinese Sichuan pepper, per KatzerThe 2017 review reports more than 65 terpenoids but no single typical breakdown.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Table Salt

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightTable salt (American Heart Association)heart.org
Chloride Nutrient60 % by weightTable salt (American Heart Association)heart.org
Sodium chloride, minimum Limit97 % of dry matter, excluding additivesCodex CXS 150-1985 (rev. 2012), food-grade saltservices.bis.gov.in
Iodine Nutrient45 mcg per gramIodized salt in the US (NIH ODS)ods.od.nih.gov
Iodine47.5 to 50.7 mcg per gram, averageMeasured samples of US iodized salt (NIH ODS)ods.od.nih.gov
Sodium Nutrientabout 2,300 mg per teaspoonTable salt, FDA (Daily Value described as about a teaspoon of table salt)Sources differ: AHA gives 2,400 mg.fda.gov
Sodium Nutrient2,400 mg per teaspoonTable salt, American Heart AssociationSources differ: FDA gives about 2,300 mg.heart.org

Taco Seasoning

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient380 mg per 1 1/2 teaspoon servingMcCormick Original Taco Seasoning Mix packet, 1 oz, label (17% DV; 6 servings per packet)Company's own figures.giantfoodstores.com
Sodium Nutrient280 mg per 2 teaspoon servingOld El Paso Gluten Free Original Taco Seasoning Mix packet, 1 oz, label (12% DV; 5 servings per packet)Company's own figures.giantfoodstores.com

Tajín Seasoning

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium Nutrient190 mg per 1/4 teaspoon servingTajín Clásico Seasoning, 5 oz, label Nutrition Facts via retailer listing (8% DV)Company's own figures.heb.com
Dehydrated lime juice0.5% or less % of blendTajín Clásico label declarationA label declaration, not a lab measurement; most of the tang comes from citric acid. Company's own figures.heb.com

Tarragon

12 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil0.2–1.0 % of dried herbDried herb, PROSEASources differ in scope: the 2011 review gives 0.15–3.1% of the aerial parts.uses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil0.15–3.1 % of aerial partsAerial parts, 2011 reviewSources differ in scope.discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk
Estragoleabout 77 % of essential oilFrench tarragon oil (Werker et al., 1994, as cited by PROSEA)Sources differ.uses.plantnet-project.org
(E)-β-Ocimeneabout 9 % of essential oilFrench tarragon oil (Werker et al., 1994, as cited by PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
(Z)-β-Ocimeneabout 8 % of essential oilFrench tarragon oil (Werker et al., 1994, as cited by PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Estragoleabout 80 % of essential oilA US sample (Tucker and Maciarello, 1987, as cited by PROSEA)Sources differ.uses.plantnet-project.org
(E)-β-Ocimeneabout 7 % of essential oilA US sample (Tucker and Maciarello, 1987, as cited by PROSEA)uses.plantnet-project.org
Estragole60–75 % of essential oilTarragon oil, general figure in the EU Scientific Committee on Food opinion (2001)Sources differ.food.ec.europa.eu
Estragoleup to 82 % of essential oilRegional samples summarized in a 2011 review (Obolskiy et al.)Sources differ.discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk
Methyleugenolup to 39 % of essential oilRegional samples summarized in a 2011 review (Obolskiy et al.)discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk
Elemicinup to 57 % of essential oilRegional samples summarized in a 2011 review (Obolskiy et al.)discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk
Terpinoleneup to 25 % of essential oilRegional samples summarized in a 2011 review (Obolskiy et al.)discovery-pp.ucl.ac.uk

Tellicherry Pepper

26 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Bulk density, minimum Limit550 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit500 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit400 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit5.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit10.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Pinheads, maximum Limit1.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Pinheads, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Pinheads, maximum Limit4.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit13.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit2.0 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.0 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.5 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade Ifao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit2.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole black pepper (any trade name; Tellicherry not mentioned), Grade IIIfao.org
Berry diameter, minimum (TGSEB grade)4.75 mm"Tellicherry Garbled Special Extra Bold", as defined by one seller (Pure Indian Foods) for its own productOne seller's definition; the official 1969 Indian grading rules could not be opened, and IS 1798:2010 removed whole-pepper grades. Company's own figures.pureindianfoods.com
Vitamin K Nutrient164 µg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, black, ground (FDC ID 170931, SR Legacy); not specific to Tellicherryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Dietary fiber Nutrient25.3 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, black, ground (FDC ID 170931, SR Legacy); not specific to Tellicherryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient9.71 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, black, ground (FDC ID 170931, SR Legacy); not specific to Tellicherryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrient171 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, black, ground (FDC ID 170931, SR Legacy); not specific to Tellicherryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient443 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, black, ground (FDC ID 170931, SR Legacy); not specific to Tellicherryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Aflatoxin B1, maximum Limit5.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species, including black and white pepper)eur-lex.europa.eu
Total aflatoxins, maximum Limit10.0 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, pepper (fruits of Piper species, including black and white pepper)eur-lex.europa.eu

Thai Basil

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Estragole (methyl chavicol)452.80 µg/mL of oilThai basil oil hydrodistilled from fresh leaves of plants grown at Chiang Mai University's research center (Tangpao et al. 2018)Reported as concentrations, not a share of the oil; not comparable with percentage figures.mdpi.com
Geranial180.57 µg/mL of oilThai basil oil hydrodistilled from fresh leaves of plants grown at Chiang Mai University's research center (Tangpao et al. 2018)mdpi.com
Neral151.16 µg/mL of oilThai basil oil hydrodistilled from fresh leaves of plants grown at Chiang Mai University's research center (Tangpao et al. 2018)mdpi.com

Thai Cardamom (Krawan)

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
1,8-Cineole60–80 % of fruit oilThai cardamom fruit, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oilabout 3–4 % of fruitsFruits, general figure (PROSEA)Sources differ in scope: the eastern Thailand survey measured seeds.uses.plantnet-project.org
Essential oil7.9–8.4 % of seedsSeeds, eastern Thailand survey (Thai Department of Agriculture, 2010–2011)info.doa.go.th
1,8-Cineole84.38 % of shoot oilOil distilled from Amomum verum shoots, 2020 Thai study (a different plant part)doaj.org

Thai Spices and Herbs

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Heat (pungency), prik khee nu Conventional range30,000 to 50,000 Scoville heat unitsThai prik khee nu on Dave DeWitt's heat scale (2008)Not a lab measurement. No source was found for the 130,000 SHU figure sometimes given.fieryfoodscentral.com

The Best Salt for Cooking

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sodium chloride, minimum Limitat least 97 % dry basisCodex CXS 150-1985 food-grade salt (sea, rock and brine salt)services.bis.gov.in
Sodium chloride83 to 99 %Swiss FSVO survey of 25 salts, 2016warwick.ac.uk
Sodium38.9 to 40.7 % by weightsea salt, 7 samples, Swiss FSVO 2016warwick.ac.uk
Sodium37.7 to 38.2 % by weightHimalaya salt, 4 samples, Swiss FSVO 2016warwick.ac.uk
Sodium36.9 to 38.8 % by weightfleur de sel, 4 samples, Swiss FSVO 2016warwick.ac.uk
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 %table salt, kosher salt and most sea salts (American Heart Association)heart.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12 %Fleur de sel de Guérande PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Insoluble matter, maximum Limit1 %Guérande gray salt, PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr
Insoluble matter, maximum Limitunder 0.20 %Fleur de sel de Guérande, PGI specificationinfo.agriculture.gouv.fr

Thyme

15 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil yieldabout 1–3 % on distillationThyme, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Thymol39.1 % of essential oilDanish thyme oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Carvacrol5.1 % of essential oilDanish thyme oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Thymol22.5 % of essential oilNew Zealand thyme oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Carvacrol6.2 % of essential oilNew Zealand thyme oil, as reported by PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Thymol and carvacrol (each)below 5 % of essential oilOne non-phenolic chemotype profile cited by PROSEA (over half the oil 1,8-cineole, camphor and monoterpene alcohols)Mediterranean T. vulgaris has six chemotypes.uses.plantnet-project.org
Thymol42.44 % of essential oilOne T. vulgaris oil in a 2023 study of eight thyme speciesmdpi.com
Carvacrol2.28 % of essential oilOne T. vulgaris oil in a 2023 study of eight thyme speciesmdpi.com
p-Cymene17.25 % of essential oilOne T. vulgaris oil in a 2023 study of eight thyme speciesmdpi.com
γ-Terpinene17.80 % of essential oilOne T. vulgaris oil in a 2023 study of eight thyme speciesmdpi.com
Vitamin A Nutrient3,800 IU per 100 gGround dried thyme, PROSEA composition figuresuses.plantnet-project.org
Protein Nutrient7–9 g per 100 gGround dried thyme, PROSEA composition figuresuses.plantnet-project.org
Fiber Nutrient19–24 g per 100 gGround dried thyme, PROSEA composition figuresuses.plantnet-project.org
Energy Nutrient1,155 kJ per 100 gGround dried thyme, PROSEA composition figuresuses.plantnet-project.org
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, maximum Limit400 µg/kgEU Regulation 2023/915, dried herbs (covers dried thyme, not among the named exceptions)eur-lex.europa.eu

Timut Pepper

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Linalool44.73 % of essential oilZ. armatum fruits, Salyan district, Nepal (IJFP 2020); cultivated, 1,000–1,200 mAltitude and wild versus cultivated origin moved linalool by about 30 percentage points.doaj.org
Linalool74.12 % of essential oilZ. armatum fruits, Salyan district, Nepal (IJFP 2020); wild, 1,600–1,800 mdoaj.org
Linalool72.17 % of essential oilZ. armatum 'Hanyuanputaoqing' fruits, Sichuan, China (Ma et al. 2023)mdpi.com
Limonene8.05 % of essential oilZ. armatum 'Hanyuanputaoqing' fruits, Sichuan, China (Ma et al. 2023)mdpi.com
Sabinene6.77 % of essential oilZ. armatum 'Hanyuanputaoqing' fruits, Sichuan, China (Ma et al. 2023)mdpi.com
Linaloolover 50 % of essential oilZ. alatum (general), per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Truffle Salt

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Black summer truffle content5 % of productCasina Rossa Italian Truffled Sea Salt, label declarationLabel declaration, not a lab measurement; also lists truffle flavor. Company's own figures.igourmet.com
Freeze-dried black summer truffle content1.5% ("equal to 7.5% of fresh truffle") % of productMarini Tartufi Truffle Salt, 100 g, label declarationLabel declaration; also lists aroma. Company's own figures.souschef.co.uk
Summer truffle content1 % of productMaison Pebeyre Sea Salt with Summer Black Truffles, label declarationLabel declaration; also lists truffle aroma. Company's own figures.igourmet.com
Sodium Nutrientabout 40 % by weightMost sea salts (American Heart Association); the page states truffle salt is mostly sea saltheart.org

Turmeric

18 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oil3.97 (average); 3.0 to 5.16 (range) % of dried rhizomeDried rhizomes from three growers in Bahia, Brazil, collected February 2011, hydrodistilled 4 hoursDescribes those samples, not turmeric in general.scielo.br
ar-Turmeroneabout 40 % of essential oilDried rhizomes from three growers in Bahia, Brazil, collected February 2011, hydrodistilled 4 hoursscielo.br
α-Turmerone10 % of essential oilDried rhizomes from three growers in Bahia, Brazil, collected February 2011, hydrodistilled 4 hoursscielo.br
Curlone23 % of essential oilDried rhizomes from three growers in Bahia, Brazil, collected February 2011, hydrodistilled 4 hoursscielo.br
Curcumin5–6.6 % of turmericCompositional profile of the spice, Prasad and Aggarwal reference chapter (2011)Different scope from LiverTox's figure for extracts; do not compare directly. No figure was found for retail ground turmeric.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Volatile oilunder 3.5 % of turmericCompositional profile of the spice, Prasad and Aggarwal reference chapter (2011)ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Moistureabove 9 %Compositional profile of the spice, Prasad and Aggarwal reference chapter (2011)ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Curcumin1% to 6% % by dry weightWhole turmeric extracts, NIH LiverToxDifferent scope from the reference-chapter profile of the spice.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Lead48 µg/g, geometric mean503 turmeric root and powder samples from 34 cities in eastern India, 2021–2023 (Forsyth et al. 2026); Bihar (all 15 cities sampled)Contaminant (lead chromate adulteration). 30% of all 503 samples exceeded India's 10 µg/g limit.nature.com
Lead6,416 µg/g, maximum503 turmeric root and powder samples from 34 cities in eastern India, 2021–2023 (Forsyth et al. 2026); Biharnature.com
Leadexceeded 1,000 µg/gSamples from Patna, Karachi and Peshawar, in a study of 356 samples from 23 South Asian cities, 2020–2021 (Forsyth et al. 2024)14% of samples had lead above the 2 µg/g detection threshold.fsi.stanford.edu
Leadbelow quantification limit up to 1.87 mg/kg13 raw rhizomes collected from farms in six Indian states, 2026 (Toxics Link)Consistent with lead chromate being added after harvest.toxicslink.org
Lead0.11 ppm, median32 ground turmeric samples bought around Boston, 2011–2012 (Cowell et al. 2017)Lead found in all samples.journals.sagepub.com
Leadup to 99.50 ppm32 ground turmeric samples bought around Boston, 2011–2012 (Cowell et al. 2017)The two highest came from Bangladesh.journals.sagepub.com
Lead, maximum Limit10 µg/g (10 mg/kg)India's limit for lead in turmericnature.com
Lead, maximum Limit2.0 mg/kgCodex contaminants committee (CCCF17, 2024) level for "spices, dried rhizomes and roots, including galangal"Whether it applies to turmeric is unconfirmed: turmeric is not named, the level was based on ginger data, and CXS 193 could not be opened.fao.org
Curcumin half-life under white LED light9.9 hoursTurmeric oleoresin (a solvent extract, not powder), 2025 lab study (Kim, Oh, Hong)Samples kept in the dark showed no significant color loss over 24 hours.mdpi.com
Curcumin half-life under fluorescent light15.1 hoursTurmeric oleoresin (a solvent extract, not powder), 2025 lab study (Kim, Oh, Hong)mdpi.com

Types of Mint

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Menthofuran (water mint)38.4–55.9 % of essential oilTwo Italian samples of Mentha aquatica subsp. aquatica from North Tuscanyarpi.unipi.it
Menthol (field mint)50 to 70 % of essential oilMentha arvensis oil, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Estragole (Korean mint)89.49 % of essential oilOne earlier sample of Agastache rugosa tabulated by Hong et al.Not a Mentha species.mdpi.com

Vanilla

13 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Vanillinabout 2 % of cured podFully fermented (cured) pods, per Katzer, depending on originSources differ: Cook's Vanilla gives 0.75 to 1.5% for good beans; different samples and methods, not to be merged.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vanillin1.75 % of cured podFully fermented (cured) pods, per Katzer; Mexicogernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vanillin1.5 % of cured podFully fermented (cured) pods, per Katzer; Sri Lankagernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vanillin2.75 % of cured podFully fermented (cured) pods, per Katzer; Indonesiagernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Vanillin1 to 3 % of cured beansHainan-grown cured beans, 2019 studymdpi.com
Vanillin0.75 to 1.5 % by weight"Good beans", per US importer Cook's VanillaSources differ (merchant figure); lower than Katzer's about 2%. Company's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
p-Hydroxybenzaldehydeup to 9 %Per Katzer (basis not stated on page)gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Moisture30 to 35 %Madagascar beans, trade grades given by one US importer, Cook's Vanilla: GourmetCompany's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
Moisture29 to 32 %Madagascar beans, trade grades given by one US importer, Cook's Vanilla: TK (black)Company's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
Moisture22 to 27 %Madagascar beans, trade grades given by one US importer, Cook's Vanilla: Extract gradeCompany's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
Moisture22 to 23 %Madagascar beans, trade grades given by one US importer, Cook's Vanilla: US red splitsCompany's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
Moisture24 to 25 %Madagascar beans, trade grades given by one US importer, Cook's Vanilla: Euro red splitsCompany's own figures.cooksvanilla.com
Unit weight of vanilla beans Limit13.35 ounces of beans at no more than 25% moisture ounces (at stated maximum moisture)US definition, 21 CFR 169.3ecfr.gov

Vanilla Sugar

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Vanilla constituent, minimum Limitone unit per 8 pounds units of vanilla constituentUS standard of identity for vanilla powder / vanilla sugar, 21 CFR 169.179ecfr.gov
Unit weight of vanilla beans Limit13.35 ounces for beans of no more than 25% moisture ounces (at stated maximum moisture)US definition, 21 CFR 169.3ecfr.gov

Vinegar Powder

4 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
pH2.5 to 3.5 pH unitsSpices Inc. Distilled White Vinegar Powder, product label (product specification)A merchant specification, not an independent measurement. Company's own figures.spicesinc.com
Energy Nutrient15 calories per teaspoonSpices Inc. Distilled White Vinegar Powder, product labelCompany's own figures.spicesinc.com
Carbohydrate Nutrient3.7 g per teaspoonSpices Inc. Distilled White Vinegar Powder, product labelCompany's own figures.spicesinc.com
Sodium Nutrient1.9 mg per teaspoonSpices Inc. Distilled White Vinegar Powder, product labelCompany's own figures.spicesinc.com

Wasabi

2 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Allyl isothiocyanate86 to 94 % of total isothiocyanates measuredNew Zealand-grown wasabi, seven isothiocyanates measured (Lincoln University doctoral study)researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz
Heat compound retention in frozen storageoriginal levels kept after two months at −10°C or colder (down to −80°C)Wasabi rhizomes, Lincoln University doctoral studyThe roughly 15-minute loss of pungency after grating is a Chowhound account, not a measurement, so it is not listed.researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz

Watermint (Mentha aquatica)

6 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Menthofuran38.4–55.9 % of essential oilWater mint from two habitats in a regional park in northern Tuscany, Italy (Spinelli et al. 1997)Sources differ in scope from Bozin et al. 2006.arpi.unipi.it
1,8-Cineole11.9–16.3 % of essential oilWater mint from two habitats in a regional park in northern Tuscany, Italy (Spinelli et al. 1997)arpi.unipi.it
Menthofuran19.0–24.5 % of essential oilWater mint sampled at three growth stages, collection site not stated in the abstract (Bozin et al. 2006)Sources differ in scope from Spinelli et al. 1997.open.uns.ac.rs
1,8-Cineole11.8–20.2 % of essential oilWater mint sampled at three growth stages, collection site not stated in the abstract (Bozin et al. 2006)open.uns.ac.rs
E-Caryophyllene6.7–16.6 % of essential oilWater mint sampled at three growth stages, collection site not stated in the abstract (Bozin et al. 2006)open.uns.ac.rs
Viridiflorol7.6–9.0 % of essential oilWater mint sampled at three growth stages, collection site not stated in the abstract (Bozin et al. 2006)open.uns.ac.rs

Wattleseed

7 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Crude protein Nutrientabout 23 %Acacia colei seed, a related dry-zone species, not the species usually sold as wattleseed (Harwood, Rinaudo and Adewusi, FAO)Sources differ in scope from Warndu's figures.fao.org
Carbohydrate Nutrient53 %Acacia colei seed, a related dry-zone species, not the species usually sold as wattleseed (Harwood, Rinaudo and Adewusi, FAO)fao.org
Fat Nutrient11 %Acacia colei seed, a related dry-zone species, not the species usually sold as wattleseed (Harwood, Rinaudo and Adewusi, FAO)fao.org
Protein Nutrient18 to 25 %Wattleseed generally, per Warndu (Aboriginal-owned food business)Sources differ.warndu.com
Protein Nutrient20.1 g per 100 gWarndu wattleseed product (A. victoriae and/or a second species), per Warndu's tablewarndu.com
Carbohydrate Nutrient30.0 g per 100 gWarndu wattleseed product (A. victoriae and/or a second species), per Warndu's tablewarndu.com
Fat Nutrient5.2 g per 100 gWarndu wattleseed product (A. victoriae and/or a second species), per Warndu's tablewarndu.com

White Peppercorns

35 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Bulk density, minimum Limit600 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit600 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Bulk density, minimum Limit550 g/LCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Black berries, maximum Limit5.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Black berries, maximum Limit7.5 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Black berries, maximum Limit10.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit1.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Light berries, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit2.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit3.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Broken berries, maximum Limit3.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit12.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit13.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit3.5 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit4.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Total ash, maximum Limit4.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.5 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit1.0 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit4.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade Ifao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.5 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit3.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, whole white pepper, Grade IIIfao.org
Moisture, maximum Limit13.0 %Codex CXS 326-2017, ground white pepperfao.org
Volatile oil, minimum Limit0.7 mL/100 g, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, ground white pepperfao.org
Piperine, minimum Limit4.0 %, dry basisCodex CXS 326-2017, ground white pepperfao.org
Essential oilabout 1.5 %White pepper, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Skatole (3-methylindole)about 2 ppmOverstored white pepper, per KatzerA storage defect: gives a disagreeable, fecal flavor.gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com
Dietary fiber Nutrient26.2 g per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Iron Nutrient14.3 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient265 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Manganese Nutrient4.30 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Vitamin C Nutrient21.0 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov
Riboflavin Nutrient0.126 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, spices, pepper, white, ground (FDC ID 170933, SR Legacy)fdc.nal.usda.gov

Wild Garlic (Ramsons)

3 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Magnesium Nutrient7,000 mg/kgRamsons (Allium ursinum), comparison cited in a 2015 review (Sobolewska et al.); plant part and basis (dry weight or not) not statedBasis and plant part unstated; reported as higher than garlic.link.springer.com
Manganese Nutrient1,600 mg/kgRamsons (Allium ursinum), comparison cited in a 2015 review (Sobolewska et al.); plant part and basis (dry weight or not) not statedlink.springer.com
Iron Nutrient230 mg/kgRamsons (Allium ursinum), comparison cited in a 2015 review (Sobolewska et al.); plant part and basis (dry weight or not) not statedlink.springer.com

Winter Savory

9 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Carvacrol13.7 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
p-Cymene11.8 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
γ-Terpinene10.6 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
Limonene9.5 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
Linalool4.6 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
Thymol1.9 % of essential oilAerial parts at flowering, Kozjak Mountain near Split, Croatia, August 2007 (one sample)mdpi.com
Iron Nutrient37.9 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say summer or winter savoryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Calcium Nutrient2,130 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say summer or winter savoryfdc.nal.usda.gov
Magnesium Nutrient377 mg per 100 gUSDA FoodData Central, savory, ground (FDC ID 170936, SR Legacy); entry does not say summer or winter savoryfdc.nal.usda.gov

Winter Spices

5 figures
MeasureValueScopeSource
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)roughly 49.9 to 62.8 % of bark oilCinnamon bark (C. zeylanicum), Ranasinghe et al. systematic reviewlink.springer.com
Eugenol (allspice)50 to 80 % of berry oilAllspice, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Eugenol (cloves)70 to 90 % of bud oilCloves, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Piperine (black pepper)4.9 to 7.7 % of black pepperBlack pepper, PROSEAuses.plantnet-project.org
Lead (ground cinnamon)2.03 to 7.68 parts per millionSpecific ground cinnamon products sold in the US named in FDA public health alerts since July 2024Specific products, not cinnamon in general.fda.gov

Yellow Mustard Seeds

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Sinalbin (glucosinolate)about 2.5 % of seedYellow (white) mustard seed, per Katzergernot-katzers-spice-pages.com

Zedoary (White Turmeric)

1 figure
MeasureValueScopeSource
Essential oilabout 1 to 2 % of rhizomeRhizome, PROSEANo published percentages for individual sesquiterpenes were found.uses.plantnet-project.org